CHEMISTRY 331 - Western Illinois University
... Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes, reactions of alcohols, conversion of alcohol into leaving groups Synthesis of ethers, reactions of ethers, reactions of epoxides Oxidation of alcohols, reduction of carbonyl compounds Preparation and reactions of Grignard, alkyllithium and cuprates reagents ...
... Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes, reactions of alcohols, conversion of alcohol into leaving groups Synthesis of ethers, reactions of ethers, reactions of epoxides Oxidation of alcohols, reduction of carbonyl compounds Preparation and reactions of Grignard, alkyllithium and cuprates reagents ...
Intermolecular forces and molecules
... Identify the ion-dipole attractions acting between the cation or anion and the water. In the sim, solvation is shown to be a dynamic process with H2O molecules moving about an ion. This is an improvement over static images showing the water always aligned in an optimal arrangement around an ion when ...
... Identify the ion-dipole attractions acting between the cation or anion and the water. In the sim, solvation is shown to be a dynamic process with H2O molecules moving about an ion. This is an improvement over static images showing the water always aligned in an optimal arrangement around an ion when ...
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
... Reactions of Aromatic Compounds • In aromatic compounds, unlike in alkenes and alkynes, each pair of -electrons does not sit between two atoms. • Rather, the electrons are delocalized; this stabilizes aromatic Organic and compounds. Biological Chemistry © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ...
... Reactions of Aromatic Compounds • In aromatic compounds, unlike in alkenes and alkynes, each pair of -electrons does not sit between two atoms. • Rather, the electrons are delocalized; this stabilizes aromatic Organic and compounds. Biological Chemistry © 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ...
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
... number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached. Organic and Biological Chemistry ...
... number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached. Organic and Biological Chemistry ...
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
... number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached. Organic and Biological Chemistry ...
... number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached. Organic and Biological Chemistry ...
amines
... A nitrogen that bears four substituents is positively charged and is named as an ammonium ion. The anion that is associated with it is also identified in the name. Ammonium salts that have four alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen are called quaternary ammonium salts. ...
... A nitrogen that bears four substituents is positively charged and is named as an ammonium ion. The anion that is associated with it is also identified in the name. Ammonium salts that have four alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen are called quaternary ammonium salts. ...
...detail
... 3. Localised and delocalised bonds, inductive effect, field effect, electromeic effect, conjugation, resonance, hyperconjugation, steric assistance and steric inhibition of resonance. Tautomerism, aromaticity, Huckels rules, aromatic, nonaromatic and antiaromatic compounds, non- benzenoid aromatic c ...
... 3. Localised and delocalised bonds, inductive effect, field effect, electromeic effect, conjugation, resonance, hyperconjugation, steric assistance and steric inhibition of resonance. Tautomerism, aromaticity, Huckels rules, aromatic, nonaromatic and antiaromatic compounds, non- benzenoid aromatic c ...
Chemdraw B&W - Chemistry Courses
... • If the nitrogen atom occurs as part of a ring, the compound is designated as being heterocyclic • Each ring system has its own parent name ...
... • If the nitrogen atom occurs as part of a ring, the compound is designated as being heterocyclic • Each ring system has its own parent name ...
1 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
... In 1957, Nyholm and Gillespie presented this theory in the developed form. The main hypotheses of this theory are as follows : • The shape of the molecule depends upon the number of electron pairs (bonding and non-bonding electron pairs) in valence shells around the central atom. • The electron pa ...
... In 1957, Nyholm and Gillespie presented this theory in the developed form. The main hypotheses of this theory are as follows : • The shape of the molecule depends upon the number of electron pairs (bonding and non-bonding electron pairs) in valence shells around the central atom. • The electron pa ...
chemical bonding and molecular structure
... we have multiple bonds between atoms. The for mation of multiple bonds envisages sharing of more than one electr on pair between two atoms. If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond. For example, in the carbon dioxide molecule, we have two doub ...
... we have multiple bonds between atoms. The for mation of multiple bonds envisages sharing of more than one electr on pair between two atoms. If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond. For example, in the carbon dioxide molecule, we have two doub ...
Full text
... |φ1(j)|2 gives the average charge density resulting from the presence of electron j in wave function φ1, and this suggests that each one of these functions φ1, φ2, Ö φn should be determined as a solution of Schrˆdingerís equation for one electron in the field of the nucleus and of the total average ...
... |φ1(j)|2 gives the average charge density resulting from the presence of electron j in wave function φ1, and this suggests that each one of these functions φ1, φ2, Ö φn should be determined as a solution of Schrˆdingerís equation for one electron in the field of the nucleus and of the total average ...
document
... than the usual 109½º for tetrahedral and hence one of the C—C bonds breaks open easily (rather like an alkene) Thus epoxyethane reacts easily with water and with alcohols: (Warming with dilute acid catalyst). With excess water ethane-1,2-diol is formed – used as antifreeze and as a raw material for ...
... than the usual 109½º for tetrahedral and hence one of the C—C bonds breaks open easily (rather like an alkene) Thus epoxyethane reacts easily with water and with alcohols: (Warming with dilute acid catalyst). With excess water ethane-1,2-diol is formed – used as antifreeze and as a raw material for ...
C:\Documents and Settings\mrh70950\My Documents
... II. Bonding and Lewis Structures A. Covalent bonding: Lewis structural (valence bond) theory 1. Valence electrons: The number of electrons in an atom’s outermost shell 2. Valence bonds: Two valence electrons shared by two atoms B. Lewis structures and the octet rule 1. Rules for writing Lewis struct ...
... II. Bonding and Lewis Structures A. Covalent bonding: Lewis structural (valence bond) theory 1. Valence electrons: The number of electrons in an atom’s outermost shell 2. Valence bonds: Two valence electrons shared by two atoms B. Lewis structures and the octet rule 1. Rules for writing Lewis struct ...
Oxidation and Reduction
... Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation number: Fictive charges which are given to an element by some rules. The oxidation number is described by positive or negative roman numbers and they are written above or in brackets after the element they are assigned to. Rules of the assignment of the oxidation nu ...
... Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation number: Fictive charges which are given to an element by some rules. The oxidation number is described by positive or negative roman numbers and they are written above or in brackets after the element they are assigned to. Rules of the assignment of the oxidation nu ...
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE
... general category of compounds known as hydrocarbons. Some hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes contain sp2 or sphybridized carbon atoms. Alkanes are of great importance to the different classification systems and the naming of organic compounds because they consist of a carbon chain that forms t ...
... general category of compounds known as hydrocarbons. Some hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes contain sp2 or sphybridized carbon atoms. Alkanes are of great importance to the different classification systems and the naming of organic compounds because they consist of a carbon chain that forms t ...
2/20/2011 Comparing H to C NMR:
... Chemical shift will depend on concentration and solvent. To verify an O-H or N-H peak, shake the sample with D2O. Deuterium will exchange with the O-H or N-H protons and be absent in 2nd spectrum. ...
... Chemical shift will depend on concentration and solvent. To verify an O-H or N-H peak, shake the sample with D2O. Deuterium will exchange with the O-H or N-H protons and be absent in 2nd spectrum. ...
Document
... approach of two polar molecules. • If their positive and negative ends approach, the interaction is an attractive one. • If two negative ends or two positive ends approach, the interaction is repulsive. • In a liquid or a solid, the molecules are mostly oriented with the positive and negative ends t ...
... approach of two polar molecules. • If their positive and negative ends approach, the interaction is an attractive one. • If two negative ends or two positive ends approach, the interaction is repulsive. • In a liquid or a solid, the molecules are mostly oriented with the positive and negative ends t ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... Orientation in Hofmann Elimination • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine l ...
... Orientation in Hofmann Elimination • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine l ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.