Computational physics: Neural networks
... element of the brain which performs a non-linear input to output mapping between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how such a neural network implements brain functions such as vision, auditi ...
... element of the brain which performs a non-linear input to output mapping between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how such a neural network implements brain functions such as vision, auditi ...
3 Types of Muscle Tissue SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
... Found only in the heart Involuntary control Faint striations Uninucleated Branched cells Intercalated disks – junctions between cells ...
... Found only in the heart Involuntary control Faint striations Uninucleated Branched cells Intercalated disks – junctions between cells ...
Page | 1 CHAPTER 2: THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR The Nervous
... messengers that diffuse across a synapse and excite or inhibit an adjacent neuron). The endocrine system and nervous system are therefore close relatives: Both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere. Like many relatives, they also differ. The speedy nervous system zips messages from eyes ...
... messengers that diffuse across a synapse and excite or inhibit an adjacent neuron). The endocrine system and nervous system are therefore close relatives: Both produce molecules that act on receptors elsewhere. Like many relatives, they also differ. The speedy nervous system zips messages from eyes ...
AL4AI--Google2007
... Provide all behaviors—including anything that might be considered intelligence—in all organisms more complex than plants Some behaviors are innate, so the wiring diagram (the connections) must matter But some behaviors are learned, so learning— phenotypic plasticity—must also matter ...
... Provide all behaviors—including anything that might be considered intelligence—in all organisms more complex than plants Some behaviors are innate, so the wiring diagram (the connections) must matter But some behaviors are learned, so learning— phenotypic plasticity—must also matter ...
Metabotropic Neurot
... Functional Roles for mGluR • All 3 classes inhibit L-type voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels • mGluR activation also closes K+ channels, leading to slow repolarization (prolong excitation) HPC and cortex • Opposite effect in cerebellum • Pre-synaptic mGluRs are inhibitory-on both Glutamate and GABA ne ...
... Functional Roles for mGluR • All 3 classes inhibit L-type voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels • mGluR activation also closes K+ channels, leading to slow repolarization (prolong excitation) HPC and cortex • Opposite effect in cerebellum • Pre-synaptic mGluRs are inhibitory-on both Glutamate and GABA ne ...
Warren S. McCulloch: Why the Mind Is in the Head
... argument, accept his suggestion. Ideas are then to be construed as information. Sensation becomes entropic coupling between us and the physical world, and our interchange of ideas, entropic coupling among ourselves. Our knowledge of the world, our conversation – yes, even our inventive thought – are ...
... argument, accept his suggestion. Ideas are then to be construed as information. Sensation becomes entropic coupling between us and the physical world, and our interchange of ideas, entropic coupling among ourselves. Our knowledge of the world, our conversation – yes, even our inventive thought – are ...
Arithmetic
... Equally useful information may come from evoking neural activities directly by applying electrical stimuli. Wilder Penfield stimulated brains of his epileptic patients during surgery. ...
... Equally useful information may come from evoking neural activities directly by applying electrical stimuli. Wilder Penfield stimulated brains of his epileptic patients during surgery. ...
Supplement to: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... during the facilitation period are significantly larger than those of the last 4 seconds of the hyperpolarized period. Additionally, there was a statistically significant trend for the facilitation to become larger over the 10 seconds of presynaptic depolarization, as indicated by a significant Spea ...
... during the facilitation period are significantly larger than those of the last 4 seconds of the hyperpolarized period. Additionally, there was a statistically significant trend for the facilitation to become larger over the 10 seconds of presynaptic depolarization, as indicated by a significant Spea ...
The Cutaneous Senses
... the area in the somatosensory cortex that represents one of the monkey’s five fingers. The shaded area on the zone for finger 2 is the part of the cortex that represents the small area on the tip of the finger shown in (b). (c) The shaded region shows how the area representing the fingertip increase ...
... the area in the somatosensory cortex that represents one of the monkey’s five fingers. The shaded area on the zone for finger 2 is the part of the cortex that represents the small area on the tip of the finger shown in (b). (c) The shaded region shows how the area representing the fingertip increase ...
Nervous System Organization and Components
... Outside the myelin, surrounding the axon is a sheath of cells, the neurilemma or Schwann sheath. The neurilemma and myelin are not continuous but are interrupted at intervals along the length of the axon. The point of interruption is the neurofibril node (node of Ranvier). Axons of the PNS Surroundi ...
... Outside the myelin, surrounding the axon is a sheath of cells, the neurilemma or Schwann sheath. The neurilemma and myelin are not continuous but are interrupted at intervals along the length of the axon. The point of interruption is the neurofibril node (node of Ranvier). Axons of the PNS Surroundi ...
Supplement: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... during the facilitation period are significantly larger than those of the last 4 seconds of the hyperpolarized period. Additionally, there was a statistically significant trend for the facilitation to become larger over the 10 seconds of presynaptic depolarization, as indicated by a significant Spea ...
... during the facilitation period are significantly larger than those of the last 4 seconds of the hyperpolarized period. Additionally, there was a statistically significant trend for the facilitation to become larger over the 10 seconds of presynaptic depolarization, as indicated by a significant Spea ...
Engines of the brain
... have a negative expected reward (or a relatively small positive one), the inhibitory effect from striosomes onto TANs will be correspondingly small, and TANs modulatory effect on matrisomal action-selection will be unimpeded, leading to high variability in the matrisomal process of selecting actions ...
... have a negative expected reward (or a relatively small positive one), the inhibitory effect from striosomes onto TANs will be correspondingly small, and TANs modulatory effect on matrisomal action-selection will be unimpeded, leading to high variability in the matrisomal process of selecting actions ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION: USING EASTERN
... Research has found that parts of brain are continuously being wired. Neuron to neuron connection is called a “learning”: repetition of connection is a memory. In utero, 3rd month of life 8K neurons wire/minute; 6th month of life 4 mil. neurons wire/sec. up to age 2. Intentional thinking, experiences ...
... Research has found that parts of brain are continuously being wired. Neuron to neuron connection is called a “learning”: repetition of connection is a memory. In utero, 3rd month of life 8K neurons wire/minute; 6th month of life 4 mil. neurons wire/sec. up to age 2. Intentional thinking, experiences ...
powerpoint
... •The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain • A smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli correlated with its appearance. ...
... •The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain • A smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli correlated with its appearance. ...
Lessons 1
... It is there that the signal that has travelled the length of the axon is converted into a message that travels to the next neuron Between the axon ending and the dendrites of the next neuron there is a very tiny gap called the synaptic gap or cleft, which we will briefly discuss ...
... It is there that the signal that has travelled the length of the axon is converted into a message that travels to the next neuron Between the axon ending and the dendrites of the next neuron there is a very tiny gap called the synaptic gap or cleft, which we will briefly discuss ...
The NeuronDoctrine: A Revision of Functional
... The functional tenets of the ineuiron doctrine were reviewed some time ago(l3), but there hlas been little attempt to correct obvious deficiencies or formulate new concepts that take iinto account the great amount of anatomical and physiological work of recent years. Among these sttudies, the findin ...
... The functional tenets of the ineuiron doctrine were reviewed some time ago(l3), but there hlas been little attempt to correct obvious deficiencies or formulate new concepts that take iinto account the great amount of anatomical and physiological work of recent years. Among these sttudies, the findin ...
Document
... Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Association Cortex Two Streams of Visual Analysis • The outputs of the striate cortex (area V1) are sent to area V2, a region of the extrastriate cortex just adjacent to V1. As we saw in Figure 6.28, a dye for cytochrome oxidase reveals blobs in V1 and th ...
... Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Association Cortex Two Streams of Visual Analysis • The outputs of the striate cortex (area V1) are sent to area V2, a region of the extrastriate cortex just adjacent to V1. As we saw in Figure 6.28, a dye for cytochrome oxidase reveals blobs in V1 and th ...
motor systems
... supplementary motor area (SMA), a number of separately identifiable motor areas are found in the premotor cortex anterior to M1 and the SMA and in the cingulate sulcus inferior to SMA. These cortical areas are connected with one another and receive input from prefrontal and parietal cortical areas a ...
... supplementary motor area (SMA), a number of separately identifiable motor areas are found in the premotor cortex anterior to M1 and the SMA and in the cingulate sulcus inferior to SMA. These cortical areas are connected with one another and receive input from prefrontal and parietal cortical areas a ...
1. Materials and Methods
... differentially to different actions: the majority of the tested neurons responded more to a given action than to another independently of whether the actions were heard, seen or executed. Figure 1B-D illustrates these results. The combination of motor, visual and auditory properties in these cells l ...
... differentially to different actions: the majority of the tested neurons responded more to a given action than to another independently of whether the actions were heard, seen or executed. Figure 1B-D illustrates these results. The combination of motor, visual and auditory properties in these cells l ...
Philosophy of the spike
... 1) for each neuron, there exists a private quantity r(t) whose evolution only depends on the other quantities ri(t). 2) ri(t) is the expected firing probability of neuron i. 3) spike trains (realizations) depend on r(t) only, through a private stochastic process (independent neurons) Example 1: rand ...
... 1) for each neuron, there exists a private quantity r(t) whose evolution only depends on the other quantities ri(t). 2) ri(t) is the expected firing probability of neuron i. 3) spike trains (realizations) depend on r(t) only, through a private stochastic process (independent neurons) Example 1: rand ...
Peripheral Nervous System
... There is only one axon attached to each neuron. Both axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers. Nerve fibers are wrapped together like a rope that is made of many thin strings and covered in connective tissue and called a nerve. ...
... There is only one axon attached to each neuron. Both axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers. Nerve fibers are wrapped together like a rope that is made of many thin strings and covered in connective tissue and called a nerve. ...
Biopsychology, Neuroscience, Physiological Psychology
... (1) register in the visual area (2) are relayed to the angular gyrus which transforms the words into an auditory code, which is (3) received and understood in the nearby Wernicke’s area and (4) sent to Broca’s area, which (5) controls the motor cortex as it creates the ...
... (1) register in the visual area (2) are relayed to the angular gyrus which transforms the words into an auditory code, which is (3) received and understood in the nearby Wernicke’s area and (4) sent to Broca’s area, which (5) controls the motor cortex as it creates the ...
Chapter 6
... surrounds the visual assc cortex – The primate extrastriate cortex consists of several specialized regions that respond to particular features of a visual stimulus – Contains 2 streams of analysis: Dorsal stream – a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spat ...
... surrounds the visual assc cortex – The primate extrastriate cortex consists of several specialized regions that respond to particular features of a visual stimulus – Contains 2 streams of analysis: Dorsal stream – a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spat ...
autonomic nervous system i
... 3. Reflex control of autonomic activity • Not under voluntary control • Reflexes are stereotyped responses triggered by specific sensory stimuli • Sensory stimuli that trigger autonomic reflexes do not reach consciousness • Autonomic reflexes are sensitive to & altered by emotional state ...
... 3. Reflex control of autonomic activity • Not under voluntary control • Reflexes are stereotyped responses triggered by specific sensory stimuli • Sensory stimuli that trigger autonomic reflexes do not reach consciousness • Autonomic reflexes are sensitive to & altered by emotional state ...
My Secret Role in True Happiness: A Story of a Neuron
... dopamine from my neighbor stopped. At first, I was elated that the constant overstimulation I had been feeling for years ceased. However, I soon began to feel an ache for the neurotransmitter. What small amount of dopamine I did receive was nearly impossible for me to take in because I had already c ...
... dopamine from my neighbor stopped. At first, I was elated that the constant overstimulation I had been feeling for years ceased. However, I soon began to feel an ache for the neurotransmitter. What small amount of dopamine I did receive was nearly impossible for me to take in because I had already c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.