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... by a political enemy. He sued for damages. The plaintiff told the court that the night was so dark he could not see his hand in front of his face and the judge was led to ask how then he had recognised his assailant. "It was very easy", replied the plaintiff, "in the lightning that occurred when he ...
... by a political enemy. He sued for damages. The plaintiff told the court that the night was so dark he could not see his hand in front of his face and the judge was led to ask how then he had recognised his assailant. "It was very easy", replied the plaintiff, "in the lightning that occurred when he ...
Mechanism for propagation of rate signals through a 10
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... dorsal tegmentum of the upper pons and midbrain (=mesopontine tegmentum) –project to cerebral cortex & thalamus attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, ...
... dorsal tegmentum of the upper pons and midbrain (=mesopontine tegmentum) –project to cerebral cortex & thalamus attention, wakefulness, REM sleep -Cholinergic structures of basal forebrain project to a. the cerebral cortex –regulation of behavioral functions, including cortical arousal, wakefulness, ...
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... does not attempt to integrate this important and complex literature into the current discussion, it will be of interest in the future to determine whether and how these presynaptic interactions might contribute to a selective gating function). As described above, and noted by others, DA appears to a ...
... does not attempt to integrate this important and complex literature into the current discussion, it will be of interest in the future to determine whether and how these presynaptic interactions might contribute to a selective gating function). As described above, and noted by others, DA appears to a ...
Hybrots - Computing Science and Mathematics
... Georgia Tech,1 we are developing new research tools to help bridge this chasm, to allow top-down behavior-based approaches to go down to the cell and molecular level, and to allow the bottom-up reductionism of cellular neurobiology to connect to the cognitive level. We aim to explore the terra incog ...
... Georgia Tech,1 we are developing new research tools to help bridge this chasm, to allow top-down behavior-based approaches to go down to the cell and molecular level, and to allow the bottom-up reductionism of cellular neurobiology to connect to the cognitive level. We aim to explore the terra incog ...
Reflex Arc - wwhsanatomy
... control activities of the muscular system VISERAL REFLEXES or autonomic involuntary reflexes- control the actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands ...
... control activities of the muscular system VISERAL REFLEXES or autonomic involuntary reflexes- control the actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands ...
Sensory Information Sensory Receptors
... Cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord before ascending Ascend within the anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts: – the anterior tracts carry crude touch and pressure sensations – the lateral tracts carry pain and temperature sensations ...
... Cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord before ascending Ascend within the anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts: – the anterior tracts carry crude touch and pressure sensations – the lateral tracts carry pain and temperature sensations ...
Neurologic System
... • Upper motor neurons • All descending motor neurons that impact on the lower motor neurons • Located in the CNS • Convey impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the cord • Diseases = CVA, Cerebral palsy, Multiple sclerosis ...
... • Upper motor neurons • All descending motor neurons that impact on the lower motor neurons • Located in the CNS • Convey impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the cord • Diseases = CVA, Cerebral palsy, Multiple sclerosis ...
Abbreviated 11-15
... P type = (also known as beta or midget ganglion cells) are believed to be responsible for detecting details in vision. M type = (also known as alpha or parasol ganglion cells) are believed to be responsible for detecting motion. nonM-nonP type =are a diverse group of cell types that make up the rema ...
... P type = (also known as beta or midget ganglion cells) are believed to be responsible for detecting details in vision. M type = (also known as alpha or parasol ganglion cells) are believed to be responsible for detecting motion. nonM-nonP type =are a diverse group of cell types that make up the rema ...
Inferring functional connections between neurons
... These methods have been used to analyze results from a range of recent experiments. They have been used to ask how retinal ganglion cells interact [31], and to analyze cultures of neurons in vitro [34]. These two cases are of particular importance, since the anatomy of the retina is well known, an ...
... These methods have been used to analyze results from a range of recent experiments. They have been used to ask how retinal ganglion cells interact [31], and to analyze cultures of neurons in vitro [34]. These two cases are of particular importance, since the anatomy of the retina is well known, an ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... Axons from Substantia nigra terminate in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Subthalmic nuclei interconnect with globus pallidus. ...
... Axons from Substantia nigra terminate in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Subthalmic nuclei interconnect with globus pallidus. ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... development, many unanswered questions remain. In particular, it is not known what determines the placement of neurons and synapses in the body, a question to be addressed in this paper. Our approach for understanding neuronal structures complements neural development and relies on the existence of ...
... development, many unanswered questions remain. In particular, it is not known what determines the placement of neurons and synapses in the body, a question to be addressed in this paper. Our approach for understanding neuronal structures complements neural development and relies on the existence of ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... Axons from Substantia nigra terminate in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Subthalmic nuclei interconnect with globus pallidus. ...
... Axons from Substantia nigra terminate in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Subthalmic nuclei interconnect with globus pallidus. ...
chapter 12 - cerebellum
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
Power Point CH 14
... Functionally, neurons are classified according to the direction that the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS: 1. Sensory (afferent)—transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS 2. Motor (efferent)—transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands ...
... Functionally, neurons are classified according to the direction that the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS: 1. Sensory (afferent)—transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS 2. Motor (efferent)—transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands ...
BASAL GANGLIA: A "pit stop" that integrates the movement
... - Neuroanatomy text and atlas. John H. Martin. Third edition. - The Human Brain. An introduction to its functional anatomy. John Nolte. Sixth edition. - Striatal volume loss in HD as measured by MRI and the influence of CAG repeat. H.D. ...
... - Neuroanatomy text and atlas. John H. Martin. Third edition. - The Human Brain. An introduction to its functional anatomy. John Nolte. Sixth edition. - Striatal volume loss in HD as measured by MRI and the influence of CAG repeat. H.D. ...
gentle - University of Toronto
... an output that represents: – a classification (e.g. the identity of a face) – or a prediction (e.g. the price of oil tomorrow) • The network is made of multiple layers of non-linear neurons. – Each neuron sums its weighted inputs from the layer below and non-linearly transforms this sum into an outp ...
... an output that represents: – a classification (e.g. the identity of a face) – or a prediction (e.g. the price of oil tomorrow) • The network is made of multiple layers of non-linear neurons. – Each neuron sums its weighted inputs from the layer below and non-linearly transforms this sum into an outp ...
slides - Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information
... Neuroanatomists have known for a long time that the brain is saturated with feedback connections. For example, in the circuit between the neocortex and a lower structure called the thalamus, connections going backward (toward the input) exceed the connections going forward by almost a factor of ten! ...
... Neuroanatomists have known for a long time that the brain is saturated with feedback connections. For example, in the circuit between the neocortex and a lower structure called the thalamus, connections going backward (toward the input) exceed the connections going forward by almost a factor of ten! ...
Synaptic Integration in Rat Frontal Cortex Shaped by Network Activity
... however, imperfectly synchronized because the extracellular packet of activity arrives sometimes later (instance ␣) or earlier (instance ) than the beginning of an intracellular “up” state. Right: amplitude probability distribution of the 10 s of intracellular membrane potential shown on the left. ...
... however, imperfectly synchronized because the extracellular packet of activity arrives sometimes later (instance ␣) or earlier (instance ) than the beginning of an intracellular “up” state. Right: amplitude probability distribution of the 10 s of intracellular membrane potential shown on the left. ...
The Nervous System - Plain Local Schools
... • The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. The organ also plays an important role in spatial navigation. ...
... • The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. The organ also plays an important role in spatial navigation. ...
NEURAL NETWORK DYNAMICS
... highly variable (Burns & Webb 1976, Dean 1981, Softky & Koch 1993, Holt et al. 1996, Anderson et al. 2000), and it has long been recognized that some form of “noise” has to be included if models of such responses are to match the data (see, for example, Usher et al. 1994). In models, this noise is o ...
... highly variable (Burns & Webb 1976, Dean 1981, Softky & Koch 1993, Holt et al. 1996, Anderson et al. 2000), and it has long been recognized that some form of “noise” has to be included if models of such responses are to match the data (see, for example, Usher et al. 1994). In models, this noise is o ...
Surprise! Dopamine signals mix action, value and error
... timescale of many trials), they reported that DA concentration was best related to the ongoing minute-by-minute reward rate and predicted task engagement, supporting the role of DA in mediating value-dependent motivation. However, by itself, this could reflect either a slow time-varying motivational ...
... timescale of many trials), they reported that DA concentration was best related to the ongoing minute-by-minute reward rate and predicted task engagement, supporting the role of DA in mediating value-dependent motivation. However, by itself, this could reflect either a slow time-varying motivational ...
The Basal Ganglia - The Brain from Top to Bottom
... This resembles in many respects a displaced portion of the globus pallidus. It receives inputs from the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus. It projects to the VL/VA and DM nuclei of the thalamus. In fact, it is a more important route for information from the caudate nucleus to reach the thalamus t ...
... This resembles in many respects a displaced portion of the globus pallidus. It receives inputs from the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus. It projects to the VL/VA and DM nuclei of the thalamus. In fact, it is a more important route for information from the caudate nucleus to reach the thalamus t ...
Cognitive neuroscience lecture
... • Sakai, Rowe, & Passingham (2002), subject did STM spatial task – found greater frontal activity on ‘correct’ trials, less on ‘error’ trials suggesting frontal areas important for filtering distractions. Similar findings for words and pseudo words. • Other evidence suggesting that phonological defi ...
... • Sakai, Rowe, & Passingham (2002), subject did STM spatial task – found greater frontal activity on ‘correct’ trials, less on ‘error’ trials suggesting frontal areas important for filtering distractions. Similar findings for words and pseudo words. • Other evidence suggesting that phonological defi ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.