cerebral cortex
... descending (motor) pathways • Within the cerebral cortex, there are especially located specific control areas for functions controlling striated muscle • primary motor area- voluntary movement- pyramidal tract damage = flaccid paralysis (gyrus praecentralis) • secondary (association) motor area- mor ...
... descending (motor) pathways • Within the cerebral cortex, there are especially located specific control areas for functions controlling striated muscle • primary motor area- voluntary movement- pyramidal tract damage = flaccid paralysis (gyrus praecentralis) • secondary (association) motor area- mor ...
At the root of embodied cognition: Cognitive science meets
... Now, the discovery of canonical neurons provides definitive evidence for the existence of a mechanism in which object shape and function are coupled and directly perceived by the observer. As previously described, canonical neurons fire both when an object is only seen and when an action is executed w ...
... Now, the discovery of canonical neurons provides definitive evidence for the existence of a mechanism in which object shape and function are coupled and directly perceived by the observer. As previously described, canonical neurons fire both when an object is only seen and when an action is executed w ...
Properties of Single Neurons Responsive to Light Mechanical
... regarding complex spatial properties of stimuli has its beginnings within the somatosensory thalamus. The classical modality- and place-specific properties of single neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system were originally defined by Mountcastle and associates (e.g., Poggio and Mountcast ...
... regarding complex spatial properties of stimuli has its beginnings within the somatosensory thalamus. The classical modality- and place-specific properties of single neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system were originally defined by Mountcastle and associates (e.g., Poggio and Mountcast ...
~ Pergamon
... We combined data from prefrontal areas with similar laminar definition to determine whether regional differences in the distribution of labelled neurons were related to differences in laminar characteristics noted previously/4 Categories were constructed on the basis of number of layers and laminar ...
... We combined data from prefrontal areas with similar laminar definition to determine whether regional differences in the distribution of labelled neurons were related to differences in laminar characteristics noted previously/4 Categories were constructed on the basis of number of layers and laminar ...
Artificial Neural Network PPT
... it. This information can be plotted graphically in a multidimensional graph, where the number of dimensions is the number of weights and biases, plus 1 to represent error. • These graphs, which are known as error surface graphs or configuration graphs, represent the error for every combination of we ...
... it. This information can be plotted graphically in a multidimensional graph, where the number of dimensions is the number of weights and biases, plus 1 to represent error. • These graphs, which are known as error surface graphs or configuration graphs, represent the error for every combination of we ...
PDF - Center for Neural Science
... behaviors. That a cortical area exhibits a new type of behavior does not necessarily mean that the circuit must possess unique biological machineries completely different from those of other areas. Hence, persistent activity may be generated in the PFC when the strength of recurrent excitation (medi ...
... behaviors. That a cortical area exhibits a new type of behavior does not necessarily mean that the circuit must possess unique biological machineries completely different from those of other areas. Hence, persistent activity may be generated in the PFC when the strength of recurrent excitation (medi ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... basolateral nucleus; BM, basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal); CA1–CA4, cornu Ammonis hippocampal fields of Lorente de Nó (Lorente de Nó, 1934); CB, calbindin; Cdc, central densocellular nucleus; Ce, central nucleus; Clc, central latocellular nucleus; Csl, central superior lateral nu ...
... basolateral nucleus; BM, basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal); CA1–CA4, cornu Ammonis hippocampal fields of Lorente de Nó (Lorente de Nó, 1934); CB, calbindin; Cdc, central densocellular nucleus; Ce, central nucleus; Clc, central latocellular nucleus; Csl, central superior lateral nu ...
File
... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
Psychology 10th Edition David Myers - AP Psychology
... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
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... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
... a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave Just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of ion exchanges moving in and out. ...
Nervous system and senses
... Neurons. The nervous system receives and relays information about activities within the body. It also monitors and responds to internal and external changes. The nervous system contains billions of neurons. Neurons are nerve cells that carry messages throughout your body. The nucleus of the neuron a ...
... Neurons. The nervous system receives and relays information about activities within the body. It also monitors and responds to internal and external changes. The nervous system contains billions of neurons. Neurons are nerve cells that carry messages throughout your body. The nucleus of the neuron a ...
Chapter 12
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... use precisely timed spiking events in its operation — to show how working memory functionality can emerge in the brain’s vast memory repertoire. Our neural simulations explain many features of neural activity observed in vivo during working memory tasks, previously thought to be unrelated, and our r ...
... use precisely timed spiking events in its operation — to show how working memory functionality can emerge in the brain’s vast memory repertoire. Our neural simulations explain many features of neural activity observed in vivo during working memory tasks, previously thought to be unrelated, and our r ...
From autism to ADHD: computational simulations
... • find neural parameters that affect behavior in a specific way; • try to relate them to molecular properties in synapses, various receptor ...
... • find neural parameters that affect behavior in a specific way; • try to relate them to molecular properties in synapses, various receptor ...
Somatosensory Systems: Pain and Temperature - Dr
... B. First-Order Neurons. Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, with their central axon forming the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s tract). In Lissauer’s tract the incoming fibers divide into ascending and descending branches. Most branches are ascending. All branches ultimately syna ...
... B. First-Order Neurons. Pseudounipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, with their central axon forming the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s tract). In Lissauer’s tract the incoming fibers divide into ascending and descending branches. Most branches are ascending. All branches ultimately syna ...
Nerve Pathways: Functions, Lesions and Adhesions D.Robbins
... discriminative touch, kinesthesia) requires a specific ascending spinal pathway to the contralateral thalamus which, in turn, sends an axonal projection to the cerebral cortex. Generally there are three neurons in the conscious pathway and the axon of the projection neuron decussates and joins a con ...
... discriminative touch, kinesthesia) requires a specific ascending spinal pathway to the contralateral thalamus which, in turn, sends an axonal projection to the cerebral cortex. Generally there are three neurons in the conscious pathway and the axon of the projection neuron decussates and joins a con ...
Full version (PDF file)
... in the generation of motivated behaviors (Berridge 2007) and is generally divided into core and shell subregions based primarily on immunohistochemical characteristics (Zahm 1999). The NAc core is thought to translate limbic sensory information, including reward-related stimuli, the context-dependen ...
... in the generation of motivated behaviors (Berridge 2007) and is generally divided into core and shell subregions based primarily on immunohistochemical characteristics (Zahm 1999). The NAc core is thought to translate limbic sensory information, including reward-related stimuli, the context-dependen ...
Nervous Systems: Cells and Functions
... • The efferent portion of the peripheral nervous system carries information from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body. • Efferent pathways can be divided into a voluntary division (conscious movements) and an involuntary, or autonomic, division (physiological functions). • In addition to re ...
... • The efferent portion of the peripheral nervous system carries information from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body. • Efferent pathways can be divided into a voluntary division (conscious movements) and an involuntary, or autonomic, division (physiological functions). • In addition to re ...
Challenges of understanding brain function by selective modulation
... All these ‘classical’ approaches affect the activity of more or less the entire cell population in a locally confined volume of brain tissue, most likely (through axonal stimulation) together with cells downstream and upstream. This implies that they operate on multiple levels simultaneously, involv ...
... All these ‘classical’ approaches affect the activity of more or less the entire cell population in a locally confined volume of brain tissue, most likely (through axonal stimulation) together with cells downstream and upstream. This implies that they operate on multiple levels simultaneously, involv ...
Neuroscience Flash Cards, Second Edition
... to the corresponding figure number in the Atlas can be found on the front of each card. Relevant structures are labeled on the front of each flash card illustration with A, B, C, and so forth. On the back of the flash card is a list of all labeled structures. In some instances, such as the illustrat ...
... to the corresponding figure number in the Atlas can be found on the front of each card. Relevant structures are labeled on the front of each flash card illustration with A, B, C, and so forth. On the back of the flash card is a list of all labeled structures. In some instances, such as the illustrat ...
Chapter 2: The Biological Basis of Behavior
... a. Only by an increase in the size of the action potential in each neuron that fires. b. Only by an increase in the number of neurons being fired. c. Only by an increase in the frequency of firing in each neuron. d. By increasing the number of neurons firing and the frequency of firing in each neuro ...
... a. Only by an increase in the size of the action potential in each neuron that fires. b. Only by an increase in the number of neurons being fired. c. Only by an increase in the frequency of firing in each neuron. d. By increasing the number of neurons firing and the frequency of firing in each neuro ...
Communication between Neurons
... communication is costly in terms of energy. Golgi bodies involved here with packaging up the neurotransmitters as vesicles (small bladders) and microtubules which are involved in transport of certain types of neurotransmitters synthesised by the ribosomes in the cell body of the axon. There many dif ...
... communication is costly in terms of energy. Golgi bodies involved here with packaging up the neurotransmitters as vesicles (small bladders) and microtubules which are involved in transport of certain types of neurotransmitters synthesised by the ribosomes in the cell body of the axon. There many dif ...
PDF
... Cortical progenitors undergo progressive fate restriction, thereby sequentially producing the different layers of the neocortex. However, how these progenitors precisely change their fate remains highly debatable. We have previously shown the existence of cortical feedback mechanisms wherein postmit ...
... Cortical progenitors undergo progressive fate restriction, thereby sequentially producing the different layers of the neocortex. However, how these progenitors precisely change their fate remains highly debatable. We have previously shown the existence of cortical feedback mechanisms wherein postmit ...
Eye research part of a bigger picture (PDF File 1.7 MB)
... Bright sunlight is about 10 billion times brighter than dim starlight, yet the human retina functions well under both these conditions. To do this, it uses cellular processes to adapt to the changing light intensity, and biological clocks to anticipate the ambient light conditions at a certain time ...
... Bright sunlight is about 10 billion times brighter than dim starlight, yet the human retina functions well under both these conditions. To do this, it uses cellular processes to adapt to the changing light intensity, and biological clocks to anticipate the ambient light conditions at a certain time ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.