peripheral nervous system
... impulses from the beginning part (axon hillock) to the end (axon terminal). Because the axoplasm does not contain RNA and ribosome, proteins synthesis cannot take place in the axon. All axonal proteins, therefore, must come from the cell body, and the products are transported by a perpetual axoplasm ...
... impulses from the beginning part (axon hillock) to the end (axon terminal). Because the axoplasm does not contain RNA and ribosome, proteins synthesis cannot take place in the axon. All axonal proteins, therefore, must come from the cell body, and the products are transported by a perpetual axoplasm ...
Olfactory processing: maps, time and codes Gilles Laurent
... topography often disappears [21,22], probably because, at this scale, the cortex trades positional information for other attributes, such as orientation. Yet, this area represents a foveal visual angle much greater than the visual resolution limit. Thus, position in the topographic map does not carr ...
... topography often disappears [21,22], probably because, at this scale, the cortex trades positional information for other attributes, such as orientation. Yet, this area represents a foveal visual angle much greater than the visual resolution limit. Thus, position in the topographic map does not carr ...
The 18th European Conference on Artificial - CEUR
... Space, 2008] games engine. It is a black and white 3D environment with an agent, a user, four rooms connected by four corridors, and a unique object in each room (see Figure 4); the objects were vertically or horizontally striped pyramids or stalactites (down facing pyramids). The agent and user can ...
... Space, 2008] games engine. It is a black and white 3D environment with an agent, a user, four rooms connected by four corridors, and a unique object in each room (see Figure 4); the objects were vertically or horizontally striped pyramids or stalactites (down facing pyramids). The agent and user can ...
Nervous Tissue
... Nissl granules are specific basophilic bodies consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum with their attached ribosomes. Nissl granules are not present in axon and near the nuclear or cell membrane. Nissl granules help in nutrition & carrying the memory of nerve cells. Dr.Mohammed Shamiah ...
... Nissl granules are specific basophilic bodies consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum with their attached ribosomes. Nissl granules are not present in axon and near the nuclear or cell membrane. Nissl granules help in nutrition & carrying the memory of nerve cells. Dr.Mohammed Shamiah ...
Spinal cord 1
... the white matter ;contains the finely myelinated and unmyelinated fibers with which the substantia gelatinosa deals. The body of the posterior horn consists mainly of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit various types of somatic and visceral sensory information ...
... the white matter ;contains the finely myelinated and unmyelinated fibers with which the substantia gelatinosa deals. The body of the posterior horn consists mainly of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit various types of somatic and visceral sensory information ...
Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior
... that of connectional specificity, which states that nerve cells do not connect randomly with one another in the formation of networks. Rather each cell makes specific connections—at particular contact points—with certain postsynaptic target cells but not with others. The principles of dynamic polari ...
... that of connectional specificity, which states that nerve cells do not connect randomly with one another in the formation of networks. Rather each cell makes specific connections—at particular contact points—with certain postsynaptic target cells but not with others. The principles of dynamic polari ...
Group Redundancy Measures Reveals Redundancy Reduction in the Auditory Pathway
... for the rst time direct evidence for redundancy reduction along the ascending auditory pathway, as has been hypothesized by Barlow [1]. The redundancy e ects under the single-spikes coding paradigm are signi cant only for groups larger than ten cells, and cannot be revealed with the standard redund ...
... for the rst time direct evidence for redundancy reduction along the ascending auditory pathway, as has been hypothesized by Barlow [1]. The redundancy e ects under the single-spikes coding paradigm are signi cant only for groups larger than ten cells, and cannot be revealed with the standard redund ...
“Epileptic Neurons” in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... receptors have been reported, such as upregulation of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function (16, 27, 32, 38, 47) or changes in -amino-butyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition (8, 11, 12, 14, 19, 34). These changes also are candidate mechanisms for the hippocampal hyperexc ...
... receptors have been reported, such as upregulation of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function (16, 27, 32, 38, 47) or changes in -amino-butyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition (8, 11, 12, 14, 19, 34). These changes also are candidate mechanisms for the hippocampal hyperexc ...
File
... • The central nervous system is the control center of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord. • The thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves is the spinal cord. • The brain controls most functions in the body. • The brain is located in the head and is protecte ...
... • The central nervous system is the control center of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord. • The thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves is the spinal cord. • The brain controls most functions in the body. • The brain is located in the head and is protecte ...
Physiologically-Inspired Model for the Visual Tuning Properties of
... the positions of the object and the effector is extracted from the highest level of the form-hierarchy, which is not completely position-invariant and thus encodes these positions coarsely within a retinal frame of reference. In addition, the recognized effector view predicts a range of object posi ...
... the positions of the object and the effector is extracted from the highest level of the form-hierarchy, which is not completely position-invariant and thus encodes these positions coarsely within a retinal frame of reference. In addition, the recognized effector view predicts a range of object posi ...
computerized visualization of brainstem respiratory areas
... D2.3 Serious games, simulation and models for medical education Keywords: brainstem, model, reflex, tidal breathing, cough Recent scientific papers showed that respiratory reflexes like cough, aspiration and expiration reflex do not only have a salient role in airway defence but they also have a re ...
... D2.3 Serious games, simulation and models for medical education Keywords: brainstem, model, reflex, tidal breathing, cough Recent scientific papers showed that respiratory reflexes like cough, aspiration and expiration reflex do not only have a salient role in airway defence but they also have a re ...
Text S2: Conflicting demands of localization and pattern
... However, in order to achieve invariance with respect to x and µ in the central pattern neuron, we can make use of the subtraction of the peripheries. For any given ∆x this means that rper(x+µ+∆x) - rper(x+µ-∆x) = rdir(∆x). After differentiating this equation with respect to (x+µ) and rearranging we ...
... However, in order to achieve invariance with respect to x and µ in the central pattern neuron, we can make use of the subtraction of the peripheries. For any given ∆x this means that rper(x+µ+∆x) - rper(x+µ-∆x) = rdir(∆x). After differentiating this equation with respect to (x+µ) and rearranging we ...
1-DevelopmentMyogenesis
... Multiple innervations share endplate • One GFP and one CFP axon co-localize and intermingle on a single fiber ...
... Multiple innervations share endplate • One GFP and one CFP axon co-localize and intermingle on a single fiber ...
lec4 vision 01142010
... axons of neurons from a given layer may extend horizontally (e.g., layer 1) or vertically (e.g., layer 4) horizontal extensions connect different sub-regions of cortex while vertical extensions form localized circuits ...
... axons of neurons from a given layer may extend horizontally (e.g., layer 1) or vertically (e.g., layer 4) horizontal extensions connect different sub-regions of cortex while vertical extensions form localized circuits ...
The nervous system can be divided into several connected systems
... area. The presynaptic area is at the end of a sending fiber called an axon, which begins outside the boundaries of the picture in a cell body called the soma. Inside the soma are manufacturing chemicals known as enzymes that manufacture chemicals called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters pas ...
... area. The presynaptic area is at the end of a sending fiber called an axon, which begins outside the boundaries of the picture in a cell body called the soma. Inside the soma are manufacturing chemicals known as enzymes that manufacture chemicals called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters pas ...
14-Taste & Smell
... The cilia of the Olfactory receptor cells project into the mucus surrounding the olfactory epithelium . Unlike the ear hair-cell receptors, the olfactory receptors are themselves sensory neurons. The olfactory receptors send their axons up through small ( foramina ) openings in the cribriform pla ...
... The cilia of the Olfactory receptor cells project into the mucus surrounding the olfactory epithelium . Unlike the ear hair-cell receptors, the olfactory receptors are themselves sensory neurons. The olfactory receptors send their axons up through small ( foramina ) openings in the cribriform pla ...
Biology of Learning and Memory
... long-term declarative memories, although they can still recall events from before the damage and can still form new procedural memories. • The hippocampus is critical for consolidating some forms of memory but not all. It is especially important for declarative memory and spatial memory. ...
... long-term declarative memories, although they can still recall events from before the damage and can still form new procedural memories. • The hippocampus is critical for consolidating some forms of memory but not all. It is especially important for declarative memory and spatial memory. ...
Asynchronous state
... Above threshold neurons produces a spike. This happens at times Immediately after V is kept in a reset value during a refractory time t_ref. Synaptic currents: ...
... Above threshold neurons produces a spike. This happens at times Immediately after V is kept in a reset value during a refractory time t_ref. Synaptic currents: ...
on Brain/ Behavior
... Area in the parietal lobe close to the temporal lobe; visual processing, mathematics, cognition, high-language functions like understanding metaphors, and vestibular (balance) sensations; transforms visual representation into auditory code; Subjects of researchers in Switzerland recently reported “o ...
... Area in the parietal lobe close to the temporal lobe; visual processing, mathematics, cognition, high-language functions like understanding metaphors, and vestibular (balance) sensations; transforms visual representation into auditory code; Subjects of researchers in Switzerland recently reported “o ...
FINAL LECTURE EXAM – HUMAN ANATOMY
... e. increased production of lactic acid by cramping abdominal uterine muscles 3. Which of the following about gray rami is FALSE? a. They carry preganglionic neurons from the anterior rami to trunk ganglia. b. They contain only sympathetic nerve fibers. c. They carry impulses from sympathetic trunk g ...
... e. increased production of lactic acid by cramping abdominal uterine muscles 3. Which of the following about gray rami is FALSE? a. They carry preganglionic neurons from the anterior rami to trunk ganglia. b. They contain only sympathetic nerve fibers. c. They carry impulses from sympathetic trunk g ...
Parallel processing of object value memory for voluntary and
... may selectively guide the flexible and stable learning/memory in the caudate regions. Studies focusing on manual handling of objects also suggest that rostrocaudally separated circuits in the basal ganglia control the action differently. These results suggest that the basal ganglia contain parallel ...
... may selectively guide the flexible and stable learning/memory in the caudate regions. Studies focusing on manual handling of objects also suggest that rostrocaudally separated circuits in the basal ganglia control the action differently. These results suggest that the basal ganglia contain parallel ...
Week 14 The Memory Function of Sleep
... • Coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of single or multiple waves. There is both spatial and temporal coherence. • During REM sleep, there is reduced coherence between CA 1 and CA 3. ...
... • Coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of single or multiple waves. There is both spatial and temporal coherence. • During REM sleep, there is reduced coherence between CA 1 and CA 3. ...
Topographic Mapping with fMRI
... Neurons in the brain form a continuous map of the sensory surface. Nearby neurons on the map represent nearby locations in sensory space. In vision, the sensory surface is the retina with a spatial map called retinotopy. In hearing, the sensory surface is the cochlea with a map of sound frequencies ...
... Neurons in the brain form a continuous map of the sensory surface. Nearby neurons on the map represent nearby locations in sensory space. In vision, the sensory surface is the retina with a spatial map called retinotopy. In hearing, the sensory surface is the cochlea with a map of sound frequencies ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.