A Temporal Continuity to the Vertical
... terms of 4 radially oriented components: pyramidal cell arrays, apical dendritic bundles, myelinated axon bundles of projection neurons, and double-bouquet cell axon bundles of inhibitory interneurons. Each of these features has been shown to exhibit minicolumnar-scale periodicity in various species ...
... terms of 4 radially oriented components: pyramidal cell arrays, apical dendritic bundles, myelinated axon bundles of projection neurons, and double-bouquet cell axon bundles of inhibitory interneurons. Each of these features has been shown to exhibit minicolumnar-scale periodicity in various species ...
Another Efferent (outgoing) System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
... • preganglionic neurons are SHORT, traveling to just outside the spinal column to a long “chain” or “trunk” of sympathetic ganglia. • postganglionic neurons are long, traveling rest of the way to body organs, glands, & vessels. • almost all release NE as their transmitter (except those to sweat glan ...
... • preganglionic neurons are SHORT, traveling to just outside the spinal column to a long “chain” or “trunk” of sympathetic ganglia. • postganglionic neurons are long, traveling rest of the way to body organs, glands, & vessels. • almost all release NE as their transmitter (except those to sweat glan ...
Brain Mechanisms of Memory and Cognition
... to avoid overexcitation of the kind seen in epilepsy, and probably to keep the cortical network in a state where it can usefully learn — cortical and other neurons also exhibit metaplasticity, or activity-dependent plasticity of synaptic plasticity (Bear et al., 1987; Bear, 1995; Abraham et al., 200 ...
... to avoid overexcitation of the kind seen in epilepsy, and probably to keep the cortical network in a state where it can usefully learn — cortical and other neurons also exhibit metaplasticity, or activity-dependent plasticity of synaptic plasticity (Bear et al., 1987; Bear, 1995; Abraham et al., 200 ...
Isodirectional Tuning of Adjacent Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells
... Investigations of spatially tuned neuronal activity promise to elucidate the respective roles of afferent organization and local cortical circuitry in the processes underlying regional cortical function. Directionally selective activity has been observed in many areas of the brain, from the visual ( ...
... Investigations of spatially tuned neuronal activity promise to elucidate the respective roles of afferent organization and local cortical circuitry in the processes underlying regional cortical function. Directionally selective activity has been observed in many areas of the brain, from the visual ( ...
The Nervous System
... • i.e. greater need for oxygen in a certain area of the body due to increase in activity ...
... • i.e. greater need for oxygen in a certain area of the body due to increase in activity ...
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a structure
... Introduction The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is considered an integral regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis (Cullinan et al. 1993; Dong et al. 2001a; Georges and Aston-Jones 2001, 2002; Herman and Cullinan 1997; Herman et al. 2002; McDonald et al. 1999; Moga et ...
... Introduction The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is considered an integral regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis (Cullinan et al. 1993; Dong et al. 2001a; Georges and Aston-Jones 2001, 2002; Herman and Cullinan 1997; Herman et al. 2002; McDonald et al. 1999; Moga et ...
File - JFS Psychology
... are some inaccuracies. There is some appropriate use of specialist terminology. ...
... are some inaccuracies. There is some appropriate use of specialist terminology. ...
Mathematical model
... (NNs).For all these algorithms storage and computational requirements are different, some of these algorithms are good for pattern recognition and others for function approximation, but they have drawbacks in one way or another. Certain training algorithms are suitable for some types of applications ...
... (NNs).For all these algorithms storage and computational requirements are different, some of these algorithms are good for pattern recognition and others for function approximation, but they have drawbacks in one way or another. Certain training algorithms are suitable for some types of applications ...
as a PDF
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
... parasympathetic preganglionic neurons by appropriate retrograde transport studies in experimental animals {see Introduction). The distribution is also similar to that of NOSpositive neurons in the rabbit, cells which have been shown by double-labelling procedures to include salivatory preganglionic ...
PSY105 Neural Networks 2/5
... neural network to acquire classically conditioned responses. It can, for example, learn to associate a warning stimulus with an upcoming wall and hence turn around before it reaches the wall. Describe an experiment which you would do to test the details of how the robot learns. Say what you would do ...
... neural network to acquire classically conditioned responses. It can, for example, learn to associate a warning stimulus with an upcoming wall and hence turn around before it reaches the wall. Describe an experiment which you would do to test the details of how the robot learns. Say what you would do ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... led to the discovery of several key principles useful for their classification. They include: firing patterns, neurochemical markers, axonal and dendritic aspects, definition of cell inputs and outputs including target specificity, cells’ functional specialization, and pivotal role on network oscill ...
... led to the discovery of several key principles useful for their classification. They include: firing patterns, neurochemical markers, axonal and dendritic aspects, definition of cell inputs and outputs including target specificity, cells’ functional specialization, and pivotal role on network oscill ...
A part of the cholinergic fibers in mouse superior cervical ganglia
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
Lewis FT 1923 The significance of the term hippocampus. J Comp
... description extant. It has left its readers in doubt whether the elevations of cerebral substance were being compared with fish or beast, and no one could be sure which end was the head." Lewis FT 1923 The significance of the term hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 35: 213 ...
... description extant. It has left its readers in doubt whether the elevations of cerebral substance were being compared with fish or beast, and no one could be sure which end was the head." Lewis FT 1923 The significance of the term hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 35: 213 ...
CHAPTER 4
... Phenytoin (Dilantin) (Epamin) Dilantin is known to most doctors and many other people as a treatment for epilepsy. However, it has a wide range of pharmacologic effects other than its anticonvulsant activity. There have been more than 8,000 papers published on Dilantin and there have been clinical r ...
... Phenytoin (Dilantin) (Epamin) Dilantin is known to most doctors and many other people as a treatment for epilepsy. However, it has a wide range of pharmacologic effects other than its anticonvulsant activity. There have been more than 8,000 papers published on Dilantin and there have been clinical r ...
Artificial Neural Networks Introduction to connectionism
... Presynaptic process releases a neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic junction between neurons and then acts on a postsynaptic process. Synapse mediates electrical-chemical-electrical signal conversion. Effect on a postsynaptic neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory. ...
... Presynaptic process releases a neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic junction between neurons and then acts on a postsynaptic process. Synapse mediates electrical-chemical-electrical signal conversion. Effect on a postsynaptic neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory. ...
Associated Reactions
... become activated by a programmed pattern that is generated in spinal neuronal circuits (turquoise pathway). This pattern is modulated by multisensory afferent input, which adapts the pattern to meet existing requirements. Both the programmed pattern and the reflex mechanisms are under supraspinal co ...
... become activated by a programmed pattern that is generated in spinal neuronal circuits (turquoise pathway). This pattern is modulated by multisensory afferent input, which adapts the pattern to meet existing requirements. Both the programmed pattern and the reflex mechanisms are under supraspinal co ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal ...
... functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal ...
Brain lateralisation: a question of spatial frequency?
... activity directly under it Forward problem: Knowing where the dipoles are and the distribution of the conduction in the brain, we could calculate the voltage variation recorded at one point of the surface Inverse problem: Infinite number of solutions Source localisation algorithms uses sets of prede ...
... activity directly under it Forward problem: Knowing where the dipoles are and the distribution of the conduction in the brain, we could calculate the voltage variation recorded at one point of the surface Inverse problem: Infinite number of solutions Source localisation algorithms uses sets of prede ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... learning and control. The efferent pathway for song control is highlighted in black. Our main focus is the HVC and the neurons incorporated into the HVC that project to the RA. nAM, Nucleus ambiguus; DLM, medial portion of the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus of the inte ...
... learning and control. The efferent pathway for song control is highlighted in black. Our main focus is the HVC and the neurons incorporated into the HVC that project to the RA. nAM, Nucleus ambiguus; DLM, medial portion of the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus of the inte ...
Electrophysiological recordings from behaving animals—going
... The main limitation of the freely behaving intracellular recording method is the low success rates. To reach such a recording one must start with an anesthetized animal, once a stable recording is achieved the electrode is anchored to the skull, only then the animal can be removed from the stereotax ...
... The main limitation of the freely behaving intracellular recording method is the low success rates. To reach such a recording one must start with an anesthetized animal, once a stable recording is achieved the electrode is anchored to the skull, only then the animal can be removed from the stereotax ...
How Many Cell Types Does It Take to Wire a Brain?
... via the Cx3cr1 fractalkine receptor (left). Microglia prune elements (center) and then return to a resting state near maintained elements (right). (B) In an alternative model, fractalkine signaling globally activates microglia, but a more local, ...
... via the Cx3cr1 fractalkine receptor (left). Microglia prune elements (center) and then return to a resting state near maintained elements (right). (B) In an alternative model, fractalkine signaling globally activates microglia, but a more local, ...
Chapter 19 study Questions key
... display renewed fear of the CS if they are tested in context A, but display no fear if tested in context B. In contrast, rats with damage to the hippocampus do not display renewed fear to the CS when tested in context A. 14. What is the role of NMDA receptors in fear extinction? What is the experime ...
... display renewed fear of the CS if they are tested in context A, but display no fear if tested in context B. In contrast, rats with damage to the hippocampus do not display renewed fear to the CS when tested in context A. 14. What is the role of NMDA receptors in fear extinction? What is the experime ...
![[pdf]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008855303_1-42c5934975f83fadb4141440e1a86c3f-300x300.png)
[pdf]
... needed to selectively prioritize information that is relevant to ongoing behavior at the expense of irrelevant distracting information. This selection process is often referred to as ‘attention’. A variety of attention-related modulatory effects on neural processing across the visual system have bee ...
... needed to selectively prioritize information that is relevant to ongoing behavior at the expense of irrelevant distracting information. This selection process is often referred to as ‘attention’. A variety of attention-related modulatory effects on neural processing across the visual system have bee ...
Illusions: A Moving Experience
... is inserted between the first patch and the motion-detecting neuron but not between the second (right) patch and the same neuron. If the target moves rightward in the receptive field, the activity from the second patch of retina will arrive at the motion-detecting neuron at the same time as the delaye ...
... is inserted between the first patch and the motion-detecting neuron but not between the second (right) patch and the same neuron. If the target moves rightward in the receptive field, the activity from the second patch of retina will arrive at the motion-detecting neuron at the same time as the delaye ...
Axonal conduction properties of antidromically identified neurons in
... circuits. Even within the same lamina, nearby cells may participate in different circuits. Thus, anatomical findings have shown that neurons within the same neuropil may receive quite different patterns of thalamocortical inputs, and, at least in the case of efferent neurons, these patterns vary acc ...
... circuits. Even within the same lamina, nearby cells may participate in different circuits. Thus, anatomical findings have shown that neurons within the same neuropil may receive quite different patterns of thalamocortical inputs, and, at least in the case of efferent neurons, these patterns vary acc ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.