Neurotransmitters
... Some neurotransmitters are commonly described as "excitatory" or "inhibitory". The only direct effect of a neurotransmitter is to activate one or more types of receptors. The effect on the postsynaptic cell depends, therefore, entirely on the properties of those receptors. It happens that for some n ...
... Some neurotransmitters are commonly described as "excitatory" or "inhibitory". The only direct effect of a neurotransmitter is to activate one or more types of receptors. The effect on the postsynaptic cell depends, therefore, entirely on the properties of those receptors. It happens that for some n ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... Functions that require the integrity of OFC are also dependent on information provided through interconnected structures, allowing access to information regarding the context of cues and associations formed during learning through inputs from other systems. One key region, with respect to goal-direc ...
... Functions that require the integrity of OFC are also dependent on information provided through interconnected structures, allowing access to information regarding the context of cues and associations formed during learning through inputs from other systems. One key region, with respect to goal-direc ...
Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
... conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichannel electrodes leads to a greater dissimilarity due to the characteristic amplitude distribution and consequ ...
... conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichannel electrodes leads to a greater dissimilarity due to the characteristic amplitude distribution and consequ ...
Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia nigra
... cells lining the ventricular system by an i.c.v. injection of DiI. Shortly after the injection, the label was confined to the ependymal layer (Figs. 1 j and k and 2a). A few days later, DiI-labeled cells were also seen outside the ependymal layer (Fig. 2b). Proliferation of cells lining the aqueduct ...
... cells lining the ventricular system by an i.c.v. injection of DiI. Shortly after the injection, the label was confined to the ependymal layer (Figs. 1 j and k and 2a). A few days later, DiI-labeled cells were also seen outside the ependymal layer (Fig. 2b). Proliferation of cells lining the aqueduct ...
Extended PDF
... already expressed in progenitors during early neocortical development (Greig et al., 2013; Kwan et al., 2012), raising the possibility that distinct subpopulations of progenitors are responsible for producing particular types of neocortical excitatory neurons. For example, orthodenticle homolog 1 (O ...
... already expressed in progenitors during early neocortical development (Greig et al., 2013; Kwan et al., 2012), raising the possibility that distinct subpopulations of progenitors are responsible for producing particular types of neocortical excitatory neurons. For example, orthodenticle homolog 1 (O ...
A Summating, Exponentially-Decaying CMOS Synapse for Spiking
... We have proposed a new synapse model and a specific CMOS implementation of the model. In our theoretical analysis, we have ignored all parasitic effects which can play an significant role in the circuit behavior. For example, as the source follower M3 − M4 provides the gate voltage of M2 , switching ...
... We have proposed a new synapse model and a specific CMOS implementation of the model. In our theoretical analysis, we have ignored all parasitic effects which can play an significant role in the circuit behavior. For example, as the source follower M3 − M4 provides the gate voltage of M2 , switching ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... learning, Thorndike placed a hungry cat in a cage, the door of which was held closed by a pin1. A peddle in the cage was connected to the pin, such that if the cat pressed the peddle, the pin was released and the door fell open. Outside the cage was a piece of fish. Progressively, the cat learned to ...
... learning, Thorndike placed a hungry cat in a cage, the door of which was held closed by a pin1. A peddle in the cage was connected to the pin, such that if the cat pressed the peddle, the pin was released and the door fell open. Outside the cage was a piece of fish. Progressively, the cat learned to ...
READING And YOUR BRAIN YOUR BRAIN YOUR BRAIN
... As we act upon the world, the world in turn acts upon us in the form of new neural pathways and neural networks. And as you can see, learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain as new neural networks are formed. The term for this is neural plasticity. It refers to the brain’s abili ...
... As we act upon the world, the world in turn acts upon us in the form of new neural pathways and neural networks. And as you can see, learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain as new neural networks are formed. The term for this is neural plasticity. It refers to the brain’s abili ...
Energy balance
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson`s disease
... The risk of tumourigenesis has always weighed on the minds of researchers. This concern stems from the known oncogenes utilised in the reprogramming of iPSCs, including Myc and Klf4. Other genes involved in generation of iPSCs, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, are also linked to tumourigenesis.9 Of note, a can ...
... The risk of tumourigenesis has always weighed on the minds of researchers. This concern stems from the known oncogenes utilised in the reprogramming of iPSCs, including Myc and Klf4. Other genes involved in generation of iPSCs, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, are also linked to tumourigenesis.9 Of note, a can ...
... and responses to the environment in plants is controlled and coordinated by a special class of chemical substances known as hormones. These hormones are produced in one part of the plant body and are translocated to other needy parts. For example, a hormone produced in roots is translocated to other ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 5.1 Intracellular recording of the
... FIGURE 5.12 Voltage dependence and kinetics of different ionic currents in the mammalian brain. Depolarization of the membrane potential from −100 to −10 mV results in the activation of currents entering or leaving neurons. FIGURE 5.13 Simulation of the effects of the addition of various ionic curre ...
... FIGURE 5.12 Voltage dependence and kinetics of different ionic currents in the mammalian brain. Depolarization of the membrane potential from −100 to −10 mV results in the activation of currents entering or leaving neurons. FIGURE 5.13 Simulation of the effects of the addition of various ionic curre ...
Chapter 11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control
... They differ in their affinity for catecholamines: – Beta-1 receptors respond equally strongly to both epinephrine and norepinephrine – Beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine • Beta-2 receptors are not innervated • This limits their exposure to norepinephrine becau ...
... They differ in their affinity for catecholamines: – Beta-1 receptors respond equally strongly to both epinephrine and norepinephrine – Beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine • Beta-2 receptors are not innervated • This limits their exposure to norepinephrine becau ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional proces ...
... How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional proces ...
Searching for lost memories, Sudoku, and related ills of the brain
... examine that list to answer the query. It seems more likely that most names are associated with individuals, and that we answer the question by seeing whether the clue 'Silliam' evokes the memory of some particular individual. The validity of the memory is important; the details of the invoked memor ...
... examine that list to answer the query. It seems more likely that most names are associated with individuals, and that we answer the question by seeing whether the clue 'Silliam' evokes the memory of some particular individual. The validity of the memory is important; the details of the invoked memor ...
CHAPTER 2 THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
... Action Potential. Of all types of cells in the body only nerve and muscle cells are capable of producing Action Potentials (Figure 2.4). Such excitable membranes besides generating action potentials are able to transmit them along their surfaces. Thus the Action Potential is the signal which is tran ...
... Action Potential. Of all types of cells in the body only nerve and muscle cells are capable of producing Action Potentials (Figure 2.4). Such excitable membranes besides generating action potentials are able to transmit them along their surfaces. Thus the Action Potential is the signal which is tran ...
49-Nervous System - Northwest ISD Moodle
... Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells The ability to sense and react originated billions of years ago with prokaryotes that could detect changes in their environment and respond in ways that enhanced their survival and reproductive success. For example, bacteria keep mo ...
... Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells The ability to sense and react originated billions of years ago with prokaryotes that could detect changes in their environment and respond in ways that enhanced their survival and reproductive success. For example, bacteria keep mo ...
Summary - VU Research Portal
... through feedback connections from cells representing specific shapes and boundaries in areas such as V4, where FGM occurred within 70 ms. The third study described in this thesis reveals the important role of attention in perceptual grouping. After the initial figure-ground structure is established ...
... through feedback connections from cells representing specific shapes and boundaries in areas such as V4, where FGM occurred within 70 ms. The third study described in this thesis reveals the important role of attention in perceptual grouping. After the initial figure-ground structure is established ...
NSCI 525 RWood 1-22-15
... gonad to develop into a testis, which produces the male hormone testosterone that signals development of a masculine phenotype throughout the body. If no Y chromosome is present, the early gonad becomes an ovary. Although the developing ovary is relatively quiescent, development of a female phenotyp ...
... gonad to develop into a testis, which produces the male hormone testosterone that signals development of a masculine phenotype throughout the body. If no Y chromosome is present, the early gonad becomes an ovary. Although the developing ovary is relatively quiescent, development of a female phenotyp ...
Nervous Systems
... lacks clusters of neurons that perform specialized functions. In more complex animals, the axons of multiple nerve cells are often bundled together, forming nerves. These fibrous structures channel and organize information flow along specific routes through the nervous system. For example, sea stars ha ...
... lacks clusters of neurons that perform specialized functions. In more complex animals, the axons of multiple nerve cells are often bundled together, forming nerves. These fibrous structures channel and organize information flow along specific routes through the nervous system. For example, sea stars ha ...
The Human Mirror Neuron System and Embodied
... similar mirror-like properties in the parietal lobe (Fogassi et al., 1996; Fogassi and Gallese, 2000; Fogassi et al., 2005; Nelissen et al., 2005). An interesting contrast can be made between neurons with mirror-like properties in parietal and premotor regions. First, neurons in the anterior intrapa ...
... similar mirror-like properties in the parietal lobe (Fogassi et al., 1996; Fogassi and Gallese, 2000; Fogassi et al., 2005; Nelissen et al., 2005). An interesting contrast can be made between neurons with mirror-like properties in parietal and premotor regions. First, neurons in the anterior intrapa ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... of the motor signal from the brainstem, zona incerta, cerebellum, and motor cortices [24-28]. Alternatively, the sensory pathway itself may carry afferent signals, through the whisking cells observed in the trigeminal ganglion and thalamic nuclei, regarding the whisker motion resulting from contacti ...
... of the motor signal from the brainstem, zona incerta, cerebellum, and motor cortices [24-28]. Alternatively, the sensory pathway itself may carry afferent signals, through the whisking cells observed in the trigeminal ganglion and thalamic nuclei, regarding the whisker motion resulting from contacti ...
Perception - Vision
... The camera doesn’t really do anything with this image and doesn’t have any knowledge about what is stored in the image ...
... The camera doesn’t really do anything with this image and doesn’t have any knowledge about what is stored in the image ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
... the motor cortices of both hemispheres, interconnected commissurally, are involved in n7x-induced cortical plasticity (Toldi et al., 1999; Farkas et al., 2000). Most of the studies cited above were based on experiments in which electrophysiological methods were used. However, it is more than likely ...
... the motor cortices of both hemispheres, interconnected commissurally, are involved in n7x-induced cortical plasticity (Toldi et al., 1999; Farkas et al., 2000). Most of the studies cited above were based on experiments in which electrophysiological methods were used. However, it is more than likely ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.