Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... Neurite growth requires two guanine nucleotide-binding protein polymers of tubulins and septins. However, whether and how those cytoskeletal systems are coordinated was unknown. Here we show that the acute knockdown or knockout of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 from cerebrocortical neurons impairs ...
... Neurite growth requires two guanine nucleotide-binding protein polymers of tubulins and septins. However, whether and how those cytoskeletal systems are coordinated was unknown. Here we show that the acute knockdown or knockout of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 from cerebrocortical neurons impairs ...
The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds.
... In a parallel study, Smulders et al. (1995) found that the size of the hippocampus changed seasonally, occupying about 4% of the forebrain in February, increasing to 5.5% in October, an increase of nearly 40%. Smulders et al. (1995) suggested that this increase in the size of the hippocampus may be ...
... In a parallel study, Smulders et al. (1995) found that the size of the hippocampus changed seasonally, occupying about 4% of the forebrain in February, increasing to 5.5% in October, an increase of nearly 40%. Smulders et al. (1995) suggested that this increase in the size of the hippocampus may be ...
Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: An anatomical
... M1. Furthermore, the populations of CM cells for different hand muscles were located in the same general region of cortex. These observations indicate that the CM cells controlling a single muscle are arranged as a widely dispersed field of neurons. Moreover, they suggest that the populations of CM ...
... M1. Furthermore, the populations of CM cells for different hand muscles were located in the same general region of cortex. These observations indicate that the CM cells controlling a single muscle are arranged as a widely dispersed field of neurons. Moreover, they suggest that the populations of CM ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... (Fig. 2d) deteriorated with inputs of higher frequencies (Fig. 3c; the curves for higher frequencies were to the left of those of lower frequencies, reflecting poorer coincidence detection). Furthermore, at higher frequencies the contrast between the maximum and minimum spike rates did not change mu ...
... (Fig. 2d) deteriorated with inputs of higher frequencies (Fig. 3c; the curves for higher frequencies were to the left of those of lower frequencies, reflecting poorer coincidence detection). Furthermore, at higher frequencies the contrast between the maximum and minimum spike rates did not change mu ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... To determine the time course of neuropathological changes in nGD, we used a mouse model in which GlcCerase deficiency is restricted to neurons and macroglia, with normal GlcCerase activity in microglia (the Gbaflox/flox; Nestin-Cre mouse, hereafter referred to as the 2/2 mouse) (8). These mice exhib ...
... To determine the time course of neuropathological changes in nGD, we used a mouse model in which GlcCerase deficiency is restricted to neurons and macroglia, with normal GlcCerase activity in microglia (the Gbaflox/flox; Nestin-Cre mouse, hereafter referred to as the 2/2 mouse) (8). These mice exhib ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity could then reflect an AO association, indicating knowledge of the reward that is associated with that response. A second proble ...
... choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity could then reflect an AO association, indicating knowledge of the reward that is associated with that response. A second proble ...
Sensory signals during active versus passive movement
... only vestibular inputs are available to the central nervous system and there is no motor efference copy signal because the monkey does not actively move its head. (b) Activity of the same neuron during active head-on-body movements. In this condition, the monkey commands an active head movement and ...
... only vestibular inputs are available to the central nervous system and there is no motor efference copy signal because the monkey does not actively move its head. (b) Activity of the same neuron during active head-on-body movements. In this condition, the monkey commands an active head movement and ...
nerve impulse patterns and reflex control in the motor system
... to the claw opener muscle, and short representative samples of the oscilloscope records. Facilitation of muscle action potentials occurs at higher frequencies, (a) Low, (b) medium, and (c) high levels of activity. The bimodal histogram in (b) is unusual for single-unit nervous activity. In this reco ...
... to the claw opener muscle, and short representative samples of the oscilloscope records. Facilitation of muscle action potentials occurs at higher frequencies, (a) Low, (b) medium, and (c) high levels of activity. The bimodal histogram in (b) is unusual for single-unit nervous activity. In this reco ...
Article Review - Make up assignment
... 9. Explain the role of ion channels in the perceptions of salty and sour tastes. 10. What is gustducin and why is this so important to the author’s article? 11. Are individual taste c3ells oriented to specific taste stimuli? Explain 12. In the case of acids what specific chemical causes depolarizati ...
... 9. Explain the role of ion channels in the perceptions of salty and sour tastes. 10. What is gustducin and why is this so important to the author’s article? 11. Are individual taste c3ells oriented to specific taste stimuli? Explain 12. In the case of acids what specific chemical causes depolarizati ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
Passive Cable Properties of Axons
... most nerve processes, the external medium has a relatively low resistivity for current because of its relatively large volume. For this reason the resistivity of the paths either along a process or to ground generally is regarded as negligible and the potential outside the membrane is assumed to be ...
... most nerve processes, the external medium has a relatively low resistivity for current because of its relatively large volume. For this reason the resistivity of the paths either along a process or to ground generally is regarded as negligible and the potential outside the membrane is assumed to be ...
1 - U-System
... of temporal/parietal lobes (frontal eye fields may be involved) - vertical movements triggered bilaterally - unilateral cortical damage impairs horizontal pursuit movements in both directions, but impairment is greater when looking to ipsilateral side - pathway from cortex to abducens involves flocc ...
... of temporal/parietal lobes (frontal eye fields may be involved) - vertical movements triggered bilaterally - unilateral cortical damage impairs horizontal pursuit movements in both directions, but impairment is greater when looking to ipsilateral side - pathway from cortex to abducens involves flocc ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
Schwann cells
... • Electrical event involving one location of axonal membrane • Can be triggered by sufficiently large graded potential • Is propagated along axon surface toward synaptic terminals ...
... • Electrical event involving one location of axonal membrane • Can be triggered by sufficiently large graded potential • Is propagated along axon surface toward synaptic terminals ...
Neural Mechanisms for Binaural Interactions in the Superior Olivary
... Please see: Yin, T. C. T., P. X. Joris, P. H. Smith, and J. C. K. Chan. “Neuronal processing for coding interaural time disparities.” In Binaural and Spatial Hearing. Edited by R. H. Gilkey, and T. R. Anderson. ...
... Please see: Yin, T. C. T., P. X. Joris, P. H. Smith, and J. C. K. Chan. “Neuronal processing for coding interaural time disparities.” In Binaural and Spatial Hearing. Edited by R. H. Gilkey, and T. R. Anderson. ...
Neural Coding: Higher Order Temporal Patterns in the
... to conceive and carry out the experiments that demonstrate their existence. ...
... to conceive and carry out the experiments that demonstrate their existence. ...
Life span chapter 3-1 File
... Infants are sensitive to pain and touch, and most medical authorities now subscribe to procedures, including anesthesia, that minimize infants’ pain. ...
... Infants are sensitive to pain and touch, and most medical authorities now subscribe to procedures, including anesthesia, that minimize infants’ pain. ...
Cerebellum
... cerebellar cortex (passing through the restiform body=pedunculus cerebellaris inferior) as climbing fibers. Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex The cerebellar cortex has the same structure all over the cerebellum and the structural arrangement of the neural elements is strictly geometric. The cerebel ...
... cerebellar cortex (passing through the restiform body=pedunculus cerebellaris inferior) as climbing fibers. Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex The cerebellar cortex has the same structure all over the cerebellum and the structural arrangement of the neural elements is strictly geometric. The cerebel ...
Mirror Proposal 8-01 - USC - University of Southern California
... first sees the experimenter grasp a raisin with a pair of pliers, but certain mirror neurons will come to fire after the monkey has been repeatedly exposed to this stimulus. We will model how the system may recognize such novel stimuli, thus extending its "input vocabulary" beyond a prior set of han ...
... first sees the experimenter grasp a raisin with a pair of pliers, but certain mirror neurons will come to fire after the monkey has been repeatedly exposed to this stimulus. We will model how the system may recognize such novel stimuli, thus extending its "input vocabulary" beyond a prior set of han ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
Texture discrimination and unit recordings in the rat
... Training consisted of five stages. During Stage 1, in the first 2 weeks, the animals were acclimated to handling by the trainer and to wearing the tether. During Stage 2, which lasted 1 – 3 days, rats learned to associate the training apparatus with water availability. For 1 h daily they were tether ...
... Training consisted of five stages. During Stage 1, in the first 2 weeks, the animals were acclimated to handling by the trainer and to wearing the tether. During Stage 2, which lasted 1 – 3 days, rats learned to associate the training apparatus with water availability. For 1 h daily they were tether ...
linear system
... • Definition: A system is said to be causal or nonanticipatory if the output of the system at time t does not depend on the input applied after time t; it depends only on the input applied before and at time ...
... • Definition: A system is said to be causal or nonanticipatory if the output of the system at time t does not depend on the input applied after time t; it depends only on the input applied before and at time ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.