How to get on the right track
... CRMP and ankyrin have been implicated individually in the regulation of neuronal polarity. A study now identifies an interaction between them that controls microtubule organization and thereby protein sorting into axons and dendrites. Once neurons have completed their last cell cycle, they must migr ...
... CRMP and ankyrin have been implicated individually in the regulation of neuronal polarity. A study now identifies an interaction between them that controls microtubule organization and thereby protein sorting into axons and dendrites. Once neurons have completed their last cell cycle, they must migr ...
Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter - CM
... an interface between the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems. 6. Effects on other cells: the sympathetic nervous system influences many other target cells all with the mission of maintaining homeostasis during increased physical or emotional stress. Module 14.3 The Parasympathetic Nervous Syst ...
... an interface between the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems. 6. Effects on other cells: the sympathetic nervous system influences many other target cells all with the mission of maintaining homeostasis during increased physical or emotional stress. Module 14.3 The Parasympathetic Nervous Syst ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... one or another kind of stimulus and encode information about the stimulus, such as its location and intensity. The receptors in turn excite sensory neurons that form connections with discrete sets of neurons in the spinal cord. The information from each receptor is then analyzed in the brain stem, ...
... one or another kind of stimulus and encode information about the stimulus, such as its location and intensity. The receptors in turn excite sensory neurons that form connections with discrete sets of neurons in the spinal cord. The information from each receptor is then analyzed in the brain stem, ...
a scaling cross platform tool for the analysis of neurophysiological data
... execution on any computing cluster that supports this standard. 5. An implementation that exploits the compute capabilities of GPU’s now being opened up by frameworks such as CUDA and OpenCL which are particularly suited to this type of problem. Our previous work on the VISA project had created a Ja ...
... execution on any computing cluster that supports this standard. 5. An implementation that exploits the compute capabilities of GPU’s now being opened up by frameworks such as CUDA and OpenCL which are particularly suited to this type of problem. Our previous work on the VISA project had created a Ja ...
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:1
... input to the M1 model described here because they interfaced naturally with the arm model used to generate the input data. Real arms have redundant degrees of freedom, allowing multiple postures to reach the same point in space. We used a two-dimensional arm to avoid this ill-posed problem because w ...
... input to the M1 model described here because they interfaced naturally with the arm model used to generate the input data. Real arms have redundant degrees of freedom, allowing multiple postures to reach the same point in space. We used a two-dimensional arm to avoid this ill-posed problem because w ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
Nervous System
... make new neural pathways, making it more difficult to master new tasks or change established behavior patterns. That's why many scientists believe it's important to keep challenging your brain to learn new things and make new connections — it helps keep the brain active over the course of a lifetime ...
... make new neural pathways, making it more difficult to master new tasks or change established behavior patterns. That's why many scientists believe it's important to keep challenging your brain to learn new things and make new connections — it helps keep the brain active over the course of a lifetime ...
Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory
... The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C . elegans h a s been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fiftytwo of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sen ...
... The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C . elegans h a s been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fiftytwo of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sen ...
Neural computations associated with goal-directed choice
... Newsome–Shadlen perceptual discrimination task in which a subset of otherwise randomly moving dots move coherently in some direction. The animal indicates its guess about the direction of coherent movement at any time through an eye movement. Correct responses are rewarded. (e) Basic architecture of ...
... Newsome–Shadlen perceptual discrimination task in which a subset of otherwise randomly moving dots move coherently in some direction. The animal indicates its guess about the direction of coherent movement at any time through an eye movement. Correct responses are rewarded. (e) Basic architecture of ...
Distribution of Calbindin D28k-like lmmunoreactivity (LI)
... to the main lateral motor nucleus, but can occasionally also be found within the motor nucleus (Fyffe, 1990). The size of the positive neurons in this study (mean, 23.3 pm) is in accordance with those obtained in cat (Lagerback et al., 1985b: mean, 29.4 pm; Fyffe, 1990: mean, 27 pm). The main axons ...
... to the main lateral motor nucleus, but can occasionally also be found within the motor nucleus (Fyffe, 1990). The size of the positive neurons in this study (mean, 23.3 pm) is in accordance with those obtained in cat (Lagerback et al., 1985b: mean, 29.4 pm; Fyffe, 1990: mean, 27 pm). The main axons ...
Conditioning: Simple Neural Circuits in the Honeybee
... AL glomeruli and PNs last only for a few minutes, corroborating the conclusion that the AL may be involved in the establishment of an olfactory memory trace only shortly after the learning trial. Two kinds of MB-extrinsic neurons have been studied with respect to associative plasticity, a single ide ...
... AL glomeruli and PNs last only for a few minutes, corroborating the conclusion that the AL may be involved in the establishment of an olfactory memory trace only shortly after the learning trial. Two kinds of MB-extrinsic neurons have been studied with respect to associative plasticity, a single ide ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier
... FIGURE 19.1 Evidence of synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction. (A) Drawing of a silver stainmade by J. Boeke in 1932 of the motor nerve terminals converging on two adjacent muscle fibers from the tongue muscle of a 4-day-old mouse. Each fiber is innervated by endings fromseveral differe ...
... FIGURE 19.1 Evidence of synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction. (A) Drawing of a silver stainmade by J. Boeke in 1932 of the motor nerve terminals converging on two adjacent muscle fibers from the tongue muscle of a 4-day-old mouse. Each fiber is innervated by endings fromseveral differe ...
Topographic Maps are Fundamental to Sensory
... Somatotopic and other isomorphic maps of receptor surfaces are thought to emerge in development through a process of matching of inputs with targets based on molecular recognition (see [73]) followed by an activity-dependent local sorting of terminals (see [48]). The molecular matching creates the t ...
... Somatotopic and other isomorphic maps of receptor surfaces are thought to emerge in development through a process of matching of inputs with targets based on molecular recognition (see [73]) followed by an activity-dependent local sorting of terminals (see [48]). The molecular matching creates the t ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The ...
... neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The ...
Optogenetics Review1 - Department Of Biological Sciences
... of transmembrane helix (TM)1–5 of ChR1 and TM6 and 7 of ChR2: side view (A) and top view from the extracellular face (B). Although C1C2 forms a homodimer at N domain, each monomer may form a channel. C, C-terminal; N, N-terminal; ECL1–3, extracellular loops; ICL1–3, intracellular loops. C. Photocycl ...
... of transmembrane helix (TM)1–5 of ChR1 and TM6 and 7 of ChR2: side view (A) and top view from the extracellular face (B). Although C1C2 forms a homodimer at N domain, each monomer may form a channel. C, C-terminal; N, N-terminal; ECL1–3, extracellular loops; ICL1–3, intracellular loops. C. Photocycl ...
Nervous System
... Transient changes in the conductance of the postsynaptic plasma membrane to specific ions. Transient change in the membrane potential of the post synaptic cell (excitatory or inhibitory). Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Transient changes in the conductance of the postsynaptic plasma membrane to specific ions. Transient change in the membrane potential of the post synaptic cell (excitatory or inhibitory). Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Gated Channels
... (a) In a bare plasma membrane (without voltage-gated channels), as on a dendrite, voltage decays because current leaks across the membrane. Voltage-gated Stimulus ion channel ...
... (a) In a bare plasma membrane (without voltage-gated channels), as on a dendrite, voltage decays because current leaks across the membrane. Voltage-gated Stimulus ion channel ...
CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H.
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
Lecture : Spinal Reflexes
... - Convergence & Gating: not all spinal circuits are active all the time. Higher centers determine which spinal circuits will be incorporated into a behavior depending on the task. The descending control signal acts on the interneuron to either inhibit it or excite it and thus modifies the effect the ...
... - Convergence & Gating: not all spinal circuits are active all the time. Higher centers determine which spinal circuits will be incorporated into a behavior depending on the task. The descending control signal acts on the interneuron to either inhibit it or excite it and thus modifies the effect the ...
Drug-Evoked Synaptic Plasticity Causing Addictive Behavior
... Figure 2. Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Addictive drugs or strong stimulation of dopamine neurons causes a synaptic plasticity on the excitatory afferents. This plasticity is expressed by the dual exchange of AMPA and NMDA receptors: GluA2-lacking ...
... Figure 2. Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Addictive drugs or strong stimulation of dopamine neurons causes a synaptic plasticity on the excitatory afferents. This plasticity is expressed by the dual exchange of AMPA and NMDA receptors: GluA2-lacking ...
Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Interactions in the Pathogenesis
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Four major types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors are specialized to provide information to the central nervous system about touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous tension: Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini’s corpuscles (Figure 8.3 and Table 8.1). These recep ...
... Four major types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors are specialized to provide information to the central nervous system about touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous tension: Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini’s corpuscles (Figure 8.3 and Table 8.1). These recep ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.