Document
... adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. (10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind ...
... adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. (10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind ...
Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Dorsal (posterior) horns Ventral (anterior)horns Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) ...
... Dorsal (posterior) horns Ventral (anterior)horns Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) ...
Essential circuits of cognition: The brain`s basic operations
... 1975; Rockel et al. 1980; White & Peters 1993; Peters & Payne 1993; Valverde 2002). Representation 1. Regularities With this set of processing elements, connected as prescribed in the overall telencephalic architecture, we may ask what it is that is being computed. Perceptual inputs arrive at periph ...
... 1975; Rockel et al. 1980; White & Peters 1993; Peters & Payne 1993; Valverde 2002). Representation 1. Regularities With this set of processing elements, connected as prescribed in the overall telencephalic architecture, we may ask what it is that is being computed. Perceptual inputs arrive at periph ...
Physiology of the mormyrid ELL - Journal of Experimental Biology
... afferents discharge tonically with a frequency that may be modulated up or down by external stimuli. The fish’s own EOD causes an acceleration followed by a deceleration of the tonic discharge rhythm. A brief EOCD inhibition, such as in the Knollenorgan region, would not be effective in inhibiting r ...
... afferents discharge tonically with a frequency that may be modulated up or down by external stimuli. The fish’s own EOD causes an acceleration followed by a deceleration of the tonic discharge rhythm. A brief EOCD inhibition, such as in the Knollenorgan region, would not be effective in inhibiting r ...
Skeletal System
... Like sensory neurons serving somatic structures (skeletal muscles and skin) The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord ...
... Like sensory neurons serving somatic structures (skeletal muscles and skin) The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord ...
1 - What a Year!
... 2. Who is Jenny McCarthy? Who is Andrew Wakefield? How are they linked to autism-spectrum disorders? What is the MMR vaccine? What does the phrase “herd immunity” mean? What is The Lancet? What does retraction mean, as applied to a scientific publication? 3. Some researchers claim that several of th ...
... 2. Who is Jenny McCarthy? Who is Andrew Wakefield? How are they linked to autism-spectrum disorders? What is the MMR vaccine? What does the phrase “herd immunity” mean? What is The Lancet? What does retraction mean, as applied to a scientific publication? 3. Some researchers claim that several of th ...
Slide 1
... Doppler shift and acoustic fovea Doppler shift compensation •Bats have a very narrow frequency band that they are particularly sensitive to. •Thus if they emit sounds at the most sensitive frequency and the object is moving Doppler shift will produce an echo that falls to one side of the optimal fr ...
... Doppler shift and acoustic fovea Doppler shift compensation •Bats have a very narrow frequency band that they are particularly sensitive to. •Thus if they emit sounds at the most sensitive frequency and the object is moving Doppler shift will produce an echo that falls to one side of the optimal fr ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... mice and rats were similar to previous descriptions (Steriade et al., 1997). The input resistance of the TRN neurons in rats was 166 ⫾ 54 M⍀ (all reported data are means ⫾ SD), and the time constant was 13.1 ⫾ 3.7 msec (n ⫽ 45). The properties of the mouse cells are reported below. Cell pairs were s ...
... mice and rats were similar to previous descriptions (Steriade et al., 1997). The input resistance of the TRN neurons in rats was 166 ⫾ 54 M⍀ (all reported data are means ⫾ SD), and the time constant was 13.1 ⫾ 3.7 msec (n ⫽ 45). The properties of the mouse cells are reported below. Cell pairs were s ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... The brain coordinates behavioral, endocrine and autonomic functions by processing a variety of internal and external stimuli, Stimuli from both internal and external sources can converge on a single neuron which must process these signals and produce an integrated response. Our work is ...
... The brain coordinates behavioral, endocrine and autonomic functions by processing a variety of internal and external stimuli, Stimuli from both internal and external sources can converge on a single neuron which must process these signals and produce an integrated response. Our work is ...
Neurophysiological Aspects of Song Pattern Recognition and Sound
... in songs. It must be the auditory receptors which transmit information about these gaps to the CNS, despite their inter-spike intervals often being larger than the detected gaps. Spike numbers of receptor responses to models with different gaps (Fig. 3A) do not differ in a range, where behavior show ...
... in songs. It must be the auditory receptors which transmit information about these gaps to the CNS, despite their inter-spike intervals often being larger than the detected gaps. Spike numbers of receptor responses to models with different gaps (Fig. 3A) do not differ in a range, where behavior show ...
Food for Thought: Essential Fatty Acid Protects
... higher-level processing along the dorsal pathway. This pattern of visual system organization revealed in Williams syndrome suggests that a genetically based developmental disorder might have more in common with acquired brain lesions than we might have predicted. In this way, the research presented ...
... higher-level processing along the dorsal pathway. This pattern of visual system organization revealed in Williams syndrome suggests that a genetically based developmental disorder might have more in common with acquired brain lesions than we might have predicted. In this way, the research presented ...
autonomic nervous system
... where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron. • Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia (Figure 17.3). Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
... where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron. • Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia (Figure 17.3). Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
BAD-LAMP defines a subset of early endocytic organelles in
... the predicted peptide of the BAD-LAMP cytoplasmic tail. Lysates of mouse adult cortex and BAD-LAMP-transfected HeLa cells produced several bands migrating at above 35 kDa, whereas no reactivity is observed in control untransfected cells. The lowest form in the transfected cells is probably due to ER ...
... the predicted peptide of the BAD-LAMP cytoplasmic tail. Lysates of mouse adult cortex and BAD-LAMP-transfected HeLa cells produced several bands migrating at above 35 kDa, whereas no reactivity is observed in control untransfected cells. The lowest form in the transfected cells is probably due to ER ...
Nucleus basalis of Meynert - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery
... actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, an ...
... actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, an ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... yet been defined. Here we show that the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) was reversibly reduced by the NO donors 3-morpholinylsydnoneimine (SIN-1) (1 mM) and spermine NONOate (1 mM). This effect was antagonized by an ...
... yet been defined. Here we show that the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) was reversibly reduced by the NO donors 3-morpholinylsydnoneimine (SIN-1) (1 mM) and spermine NONOate (1 mM). This effect was antagonized by an ...
Novel cyclic AMP signalling avenues in learning and memory
... peroxidase activity and afterwards rinsed in PBS. Non-specific binding sites were blocked by preincubating the sections with 5 % normal rabbit serum in 0.01 M PBS for 30 min. Subsequently sections were incubated either with goat anti-AKAP150 N-19 (1:500) or goat anti-AKAP150 C-20 (1:500) in 0.01 M P ...
... peroxidase activity and afterwards rinsed in PBS. Non-specific binding sites were blocked by preincubating the sections with 5 % normal rabbit serum in 0.01 M PBS for 30 min. Subsequently sections were incubated either with goat anti-AKAP150 N-19 (1:500) or goat anti-AKAP150 C-20 (1:500) in 0.01 M P ...
Chapter 15 the autonomic nervous system -
... innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology. ENS function can be damaged by ischemia. Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility,has been a clinical real ...
... innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology. ENS function can be damaged by ischemia. Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility,has been a clinical real ...
THE EMOTIOGENIC BRAIN STRUCTURES IN CONDITIONING
... Therefore, repetitive pairings of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS-US) can also be used to evaluate the contribution of the structures identified. For this purpose, M. Gilinsky and I. Pukhov (unpublished) used the conditioned evoked $potential (CEP) as suggested by Adam (1). The CEP-method ...
... Therefore, repetitive pairings of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS-US) can also be used to evaluate the contribution of the structures identified. For this purpose, M. Gilinsky and I. Pukhov (unpublished) used the conditioned evoked $potential (CEP) as suggested by Adam (1). The CEP-method ...
Neural ensemble coding and statistical periodicity: Speculations on
... located in the inferior temporal cortex. The stimulus set was based on 64 Walsh functions which can be used to represented any visual pattern. They observed that the neuron exhibited a unique response to each Walsh function, but that the response was not represented by a change in spike count alone. ...
... located in the inferior temporal cortex. The stimulus set was based on 64 Walsh functions which can be used to represented any visual pattern. They observed that the neuron exhibited a unique response to each Walsh function, but that the response was not represented by a change in spike count alone. ...
P312 Ch05_PerceivingObjectsII
... If it’s below .2, the observer did not see HF. If it’s between .2 and .3, then the observer saw a face. This is mind “reading” since the activity represented by the response curves shown on the left occurred before the observer’s response. So they could have been used to predict the response to each ...
... If it’s below .2, the observer did not see HF. If it’s between .2 and .3, then the observer saw a face. This is mind “reading” since the activity represented by the response curves shown on the left occurred before the observer’s response. So they could have been used to predict the response to each ...
Editorial overview: Development and regeneration: Nervous system
... complex process with important evolutionary implications. Sloan and Barres present novel insights into astrocyte development and how dysfunction of these processes contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. Also here, the differentiation program of neural stem cells separates cell fates temporally ...
... complex process with important evolutionary implications. Sloan and Barres present novel insights into astrocyte development and how dysfunction of these processes contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. Also here, the differentiation program of neural stem cells separates cell fates temporally ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... Single Neurons and Population Analyses The activity of each neuron, recorded during 10 trials, has been expressed as mean firing rate (spikes/s) in 3 different time epochs for both the motor and the visual task. Epoch 1600 ms long, corresponds to the time during which the hand (of the monkey or of th ...
... Single Neurons and Population Analyses The activity of each neuron, recorded during 10 trials, has been expressed as mean firing rate (spikes/s) in 3 different time epochs for both the motor and the visual task. Epoch 1600 ms long, corresponds to the time during which the hand (of the monkey or of th ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.