Autonomic Nervous System
... Sympathetic Nervous System Plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis during stress, it is the “flight-or-fight” system of the body. This is done by accelerating heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising the blood pressure. For this information to be communicated, it uses pre/post-gangli ...
... Sympathetic Nervous System Plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis during stress, it is the “flight-or-fight” system of the body. This is done by accelerating heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising the blood pressure. For this information to be communicated, it uses pre/post-gangli ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... alter established response tendencies when outcome contingencies change, typically in discrimination tasks (Fig. 1 A). Thus, the animal is taught that responding to one cue produces reward, whereas executing the same response to another cue produces nonreward or punishment. After the animal learns t ...
... alter established response tendencies when outcome contingencies change, typically in discrimination tasks (Fig. 1 A). Thus, the animal is taught that responding to one cue produces reward, whereas executing the same response to another cue produces nonreward or punishment. After the animal learns t ...
TalkHumaine_grandjean
... modulate attentional processes and could thus orient the ressources of organism (or ECAs …) on specific events or objects. ...
... modulate attentional processes and could thus orient the ressources of organism (or ECAs …) on specific events or objects. ...
Use of rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of neuronal
... PRIMATES: differences in monosynaptic pathways to motoneurons of the lateral rectus muscle (LR) which innervate slow and fast muscle fibers - Muscle: defective replication in fibrocytes, no virus in myocites. - No spread within the muscle: uptake occurs only at the site of inoculation. - Combined v ...
... PRIMATES: differences in monosynaptic pathways to motoneurons of the lateral rectus muscle (LR) which innervate slow and fast muscle fibers - Muscle: defective replication in fibrocytes, no virus in myocites. - No spread within the muscle: uptake occurs only at the site of inoculation. - Combined v ...
It`s Got A Beat, and You Can Think to It
... the neurotransmitters it spews at its synapses lift the neighboring neurons toward their own firing thresholds. Conversely, an inhibitory neuron tends to depress the cells around it. What’s crucial is that multiple time scales are involved, those intrinsic to the cell membrane and those associated w ...
... the neurotransmitters it spews at its synapses lift the neighboring neurons toward their own firing thresholds. Conversely, an inhibitory neuron tends to depress the cells around it. What’s crucial is that multiple time scales are involved, those intrinsic to the cell membrane and those associated w ...
ARTICLE IN PRESS
... As humans, most of us have personal experience of the phenomenon of episodic memory. We have rich recollections of sequences of events from our recent or remote past that play out in our minds as if we were reliving the experience. For example, I can remember going into the kitchen this morning to p ...
... As humans, most of us have personal experience of the phenomenon of episodic memory. We have rich recollections of sequences of events from our recent or remote past that play out in our minds as if we were reliving the experience. For example, I can remember going into the kitchen this morning to p ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
... Another hypothesis is astrocyte cells being detrimental to motor neurons. A recent study found that when human adult astrocytes were placed with embryonic stem-cell-derived motor neurons, the astrocytes triggered a form of regulated necrosis in the motor neuron cells. As a result of this research, t ...
... Another hypothesis is astrocyte cells being detrimental to motor neurons. A recent study found that when human adult astrocytes were placed with embryonic stem-cell-derived motor neurons, the astrocytes triggered a form of regulated necrosis in the motor neuron cells. As a result of this research, t ...
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and
... Fig. 2 e Brain areas, model architecture and connectivity. (A)e(B) Sets of cortical areas, which were imitated by the network’s area structure and long-distance connectivity. Sensory (different shades of blue) and motor (shades of red) areas relevant for learning the associations (A) between articul ...
... Fig. 2 e Brain areas, model architecture and connectivity. (A)e(B) Sets of cortical areas, which were imitated by the network’s area structure and long-distance connectivity. Sensory (different shades of blue) and motor (shades of red) areas relevant for learning the associations (A) between articul ...
The “Conscious” Dorsal Stream - Università degli Studi di Parma
... The cortical circuit formed by area F4, which occupies the posterior sector of the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey, and area VIP (Colby et al. 1993), which occupies the fundus of the intraparietal sulcus, is involved in the organization of head and arm actions in space. Single neuron s ...
... The cortical circuit formed by area F4, which occupies the posterior sector of the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey, and area VIP (Colby et al. 1993), which occupies the fundus of the intraparietal sulcus, is involved in the organization of head and arm actions in space. Single neuron s ...
“Conscious” Dorsal Stream
... The cortical circuit formed by area F4, which occupies the posterior sector of the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey, and area VIP (Colby et al. 1993), which occupies the fundus of the intraparietal sulcus, is involved in the organization of head and arm actions in space. Single neuron s ...
... The cortical circuit formed by area F4, which occupies the posterior sector of the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey, and area VIP (Colby et al. 1993), which occupies the fundus of the intraparietal sulcus, is involved in the organization of head and arm actions in space. Single neuron s ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... given feature. The optimal response pattern for each neuron thus depends on the response properties of other neurons in the network and the reliability of those responses. Encoding is also affected by neuronal interactions. For example, neuronal interactions may be organized to remove correlations f ...
... given feature. The optimal response pattern for each neuron thus depends on the response properties of other neurons in the network and the reliability of those responses. Encoding is also affected by neuronal interactions. For example, neuronal interactions may be organized to remove correlations f ...
The role responses of expression and identity in the face
... temporal cortex. There are fewer cases of agnosia specific for expression. Impairments in the recognition of expression but not identity have been found in patients with cerebral organic brain syndrome 5'~6. This impairment has been related to a disconnection of visual input from affective meaning, ...
... temporal cortex. There are fewer cases of agnosia specific for expression. Impairments in the recognition of expression but not identity have been found in patients with cerebral organic brain syndrome 5'~6. This impairment has been related to a disconnection of visual input from affective meaning, ...
A comparative study of the mammalian amygdala
... they display similar morphology and form the basic cellular populations in LA, BL and BM. The soma and the adjacent portions of the primary dendrites are commonly devoid of spines. The more distal portions of the primary dendrites and their side branches are always densely covered with the peduncula ...
... they display similar morphology and form the basic cellular populations in LA, BL and BM. The soma and the adjacent portions of the primary dendrites are commonly devoid of spines. The more distal portions of the primary dendrites and their side branches are always densely covered with the peduncula ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
... Discussion and conclusions Insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which are secreted by a subset of the medial neurosecretory cells in the brain (Figure 1), regulate lipid homeostasis in the fat body cells of adult Drosophila [22,23]. The obese phenotype observed in adult itpr mutants suggested a role for IP ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... beads (TetraSpeck, Invitrogen), which are loaded with fluorescent dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. ...
... beads (TetraSpeck, Invitrogen), which are loaded with fluorescent dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. ...
the nervous system
... includes the special nerve fibres that help keep the body in touch with its surroundings, such as those involved in touch, hearing, and sight. ...
... includes the special nerve fibres that help keep the body in touch with its surroundings, such as those involved in touch, hearing, and sight. ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... better understood, in part because the space of relevant stimuli is more easily parameterized. Since the eyes themselves are almost never still (Otero-Millan et al., 2008), and objects are typically stationary (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006), most motion encountered by the visual system is due to displ ...
... better understood, in part because the space of relevant stimuli is more easily parameterized. Since the eyes themselves are almost never still (Otero-Millan et al., 2008), and objects are typically stationary (Stocker & Simoncelli, 2006), most motion encountered by the visual system is due to displ ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... stained sections, respectively. The 6 layers of the LGN were easily identified on stained sections. The layers were identified as layer 1 to layer 6 from ventral to dorsal. Ventral layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layer ...
... stained sections, respectively. The 6 layers of the LGN were easily identified on stained sections. The layers were identified as layer 1 to layer 6 from ventral to dorsal. Ventral layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layer ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... We thus have both intracluster and intercluster probabilities, related to the subnetwork describing one cluster and the connections among clusters, respectively. Such a hierarchical network can be used for the numerical investigation of many collective dynamical phenomena of neuroscientific interest ...
... We thus have both intracluster and intercluster probabilities, related to the subnetwork describing one cluster and the connections among clusters, respectively. Such a hierarchical network can be used for the numerical investigation of many collective dynamical phenomena of neuroscientific interest ...
Click here for Biopsychology information pack
... Once inside the synaptic cleft (the space between the 2 neurons) the neurotransmitter can bind to receptors (specific proteins) on the membrane of the receiving neuron. This then converts to an electrical impulse that travels down the neuron to the next pre-synaptic terminal, so the impulse continue ...
... Once inside the synaptic cleft (the space between the 2 neurons) the neurotransmitter can bind to receptors (specific proteins) on the membrane of the receiving neuron. This then converts to an electrical impulse that travels down the neuron to the next pre-synaptic terminal, so the impulse continue ...
Control of Movement
... HD is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Cell loss involves GABA-secreting axons that innervate the external division of the globus pallidus (GPe) The GPe cells increase their activity, which inhibits the activity of the subthalamic nucleus, which reduces the activity level of ...
... HD is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Cell loss involves GABA-secreting axons that innervate the external division of the globus pallidus (GPe) The GPe cells increase their activity, which inhibits the activity of the subthalamic nucleus, which reduces the activity level of ...
8: Control of Movement Biological Bases of Behavior
... HD is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Cell loss involves GABA-secreting axons that innervate the external division of the globus pallidus (GPe) The GPe cells increase their activity, which inhibits the activity of the subthalamic nucleus, which reduces the activity level of ...
... HD is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen Cell loss involves GABA-secreting axons that innervate the external division of the globus pallidus (GPe) The GPe cells increase their activity, which inhibits the activity of the subthalamic nucleus, which reduces the activity level of ...
Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans
... showed that, although to be activated F5c requires an “embodied” situation, which is the vision of the agent performing the motor act, the more rostral F5a codes motor acts in a more abstract way, becoming active even when the acting hand only is visible (41). How does visual information reach area ...
... showed that, although to be activated F5c requires an “embodied” situation, which is the vision of the agent performing the motor act, the more rostral F5a codes motor acts in a more abstract way, becoming active even when the acting hand only is visible (41). How does visual information reach area ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.