Nervous system power point notes #1
... • One axon per cell arising from axon hillock – Cone-shaped area of cell body ...
... • One axon per cell arising from axon hillock – Cone-shaped area of cell body ...
Modeling goal-directed spatial navigation in the rat based on physiological
... of the fornix remove much of the amplitude of theta rhythm. This impairs the ability to learn reversal tasks, in which a previously rewarded behavior must be replaced with an opposite behavior. For example, rats have difficulty learning a right turn response after initially learning a left turn resp ...
... of the fornix remove much of the amplitude of theta rhythm. This impairs the ability to learn reversal tasks, in which a previously rewarded behavior must be replaced with an opposite behavior. For example, rats have difficulty learning a right turn response after initially learning a left turn resp ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
... Natural disaster can occur in all countries of the world. Now Japan suffers triple disasters: massive earthquake, vast tsunami and the world`s worst nuclear crisis. The victims with fear in their minds deeply might fall into fear-related disorders in future. Fear is a conserved emotion in response t ...
Lecture 7 Rhythms of the Brain
... waking pattern of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. Lesions caused sleep state. • RAS acts as the on/off switch for the brain. – On = conscious – Off = unconscious – Prolonged off state = coma ...
... waking pattern of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. Lesions caused sleep state. • RAS acts as the on/off switch for the brain. – On = conscious – Off = unconscious – Prolonged off state = coma ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
... Retrieval of memory (reminding) is followed either by reconsolidation that maintains the memory, or by extinction that results in weakening of existing memory or formation of a competing memory. In our study we analyzed the behavior and responses of identified neurons involved in the network underly ...
... Retrieval of memory (reminding) is followed either by reconsolidation that maintains the memory, or by extinction that results in weakening of existing memory or formation of a competing memory. In our study we analyzed the behavior and responses of identified neurons involved in the network underly ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... probability of making just one contact was -0.1. Probabilities for making more than one contact were negligibly small; thus in the system of pyramidal cell to pyramidal cell connections the influence of one neuron onto another’s is very weak. Transcolumnar interaction was suggested to be at least an ...
... probability of making just one contact was -0.1. Probabilities for making more than one contact were negligibly small; thus in the system of pyramidal cell to pyramidal cell connections the influence of one neuron onto another’s is very weak. Transcolumnar interaction was suggested to be at least an ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... The purpose of somatosensory afferents and their peripheral transduction organs is to inform the central nervous system about events occurring at the interface between the surface of the organism and the outside world. At this interface, sensory afferent terminals in the skin distinguish between mul ...
... The purpose of somatosensory afferents and their peripheral transduction organs is to inform the central nervous system about events occurring at the interface between the surface of the organism and the outside world. At this interface, sensory afferent terminals in the skin distinguish between mul ...
Primate Red Nucleus Discharge Encodes the Dynamics of Limb
... waned throughout movement as a function of movement direction (Schwartz 1992). The ambiguity in interpretation of a signal expressing more than one parameter was addressed in another study of planar reaching movements. In this multiple regression study, M1 discharge was correlated first with movemen ...
... waned throughout movement as a function of movement direction (Schwartz 1992). The ambiguity in interpretation of a signal expressing more than one parameter was addressed in another study of planar reaching movements. In this multiple regression study, M1 discharge was correlated first with movemen ...
artificial neural networks
... network simultaneously throughout the whole network, rather than at specific locations. In other words, in neural networks, both data and its processing are global rather than local. Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological neural networks. The ease with which they can le ...
... network simultaneously throughout the whole network, rather than at specific locations. In other words, in neural networks, both data and its processing are global rather than local. Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological neural networks. The ease with which they can le ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
Gluck_OutlinePPT_Ch06
... Participants improved perception and discrimination of tactile stimuli with training. Perceptual learning has learning specificity (does not transfer automatically to discrimination ...
... Participants improved perception and discrimination of tactile stimuli with training. Perceptual learning has learning specificity (does not transfer automatically to discrimination ...
Skeletal System
... Like sensory neurons serving somatic structures (skeletal muscles and skin) The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord ...
... Like sensory neurons serving somatic structures (skeletal muscles and skin) The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord ...
Cerebellum Learning objectives At the end of this lecture, the
... Located dorsal to the pons and medulla Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Programming ballistic movements Acts as comparator for movements Correction of ongoing movements Motor lea ...
... Located dorsal to the pons and medulla Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Programming ballistic movements Acts as comparator for movements Correction of ongoing movements Motor lea ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
... Key words: potassium channel; in situ hybridization; KCNK; TASK; TREK; TRAAK; TWIK levels in the CNS (see Discussion). The physiological similarity of these channels and their rather nondescript properties are suggestive of an invariant background role in cellular function. However, these channels a ...
... Key words: potassium channel; in situ hybridization; KCNK; TASK; TREK; TRAAK; TWIK levels in the CNS (see Discussion). The physiological similarity of these channels and their rather nondescript properties are suggestive of an invariant background role in cellular function. However, these channels a ...
MARMORATAl - Journal of Neuroscience
... antigens are first expressed and the order in which they are expressed by different cells or tissues. Three of the mAbs produced by Zipser and McKay (Zipser, B., and R. McKay (1981) Nature 289: 549-554) were screened: Lan3-1, Lan3-5, and Lan3-6. Each mAb shows a different pattern of labeling in the ...
... antigens are first expressed and the order in which they are expressed by different cells or tissues. Three of the mAbs produced by Zipser and McKay (Zipser, B., and R. McKay (1981) Nature 289: 549-554) were screened: Lan3-1, Lan3-5, and Lan3-6. Each mAb shows a different pattern of labeling in the ...
Habit formation
... carries a potentially active influence over behavior very early in the learning process, trial by trial, bestowing on behavior more automaticity the stronger the activity is as the behavior begins. On this point, in recent human neuroimaging work on decision-making processes for Smith Graybiel 7 ...
... carries a potentially active influence over behavior very early in the learning process, trial by trial, bestowing on behavior more automaticity the stronger the activity is as the behavior begins. On this point, in recent human neuroimaging work on decision-making processes for Smith Graybiel 7 ...
15-CEREBRUM
... occipital lobes that share in language function. • Lesion: • (Left middle cerebral artery) • Expressive or motor aphasia (inability to express thought, answer or writing inspite of a normal comprehension) ...
... occipital lobes that share in language function. • Lesion: • (Left middle cerebral artery) • Expressive or motor aphasia (inability to express thought, answer or writing inspite of a normal comprehension) ...
Slide - Reza Shadmehr
... released into the water. If the platform is removed, the normal animal will spend most of his time searching in the quadrant where the platform should be. Learning of this sort of spatial map depends on the hippocampus. If a genetically altered rat with a malfunctioning hippocampus is given the same ...
... released into the water. If the platform is removed, the normal animal will spend most of his time searching in the quadrant where the platform should be. Learning of this sort of spatial map depends on the hippocampus. If a genetically altered rat with a malfunctioning hippocampus is given the same ...
ADHD: The Biology Behind the Behavior Presentation
... and love of novelty, they can become very successful in the workplace. ...
... and love of novelty, they can become very successful in the workplace. ...
Neuronal Loss in the Brainstem and Cerebellum
... [PC]). Atrophy and loss of PC in the cerebellum are reported to occur in normal aging. Ellis (5) showed a gradual decrease in PC density of 21% in the cerebellar hemispheres of individuals aged 20 to 90 years. The vermis cerebelli (6) showed an agerelated loss of PC in 65 individuals aged 49 to 89 y ...
... [PC]). Atrophy and loss of PC in the cerebellum are reported to occur in normal aging. Ellis (5) showed a gradual decrease in PC density of 21% in the cerebellar hemispheres of individuals aged 20 to 90 years. The vermis cerebelli (6) showed an agerelated loss of PC in 65 individuals aged 49 to 89 y ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... ponto-mesencephalic neurons normally stimulate cortical activation, perhaps during behaviorally quiet wake periods and during REMS, when they also promote sensory-motor inhibition and muscle atonia. 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons utilize nora ...
... ponto-mesencephalic neurons normally stimulate cortical activation, perhaps during behaviorally quiet wake periods and during REMS, when they also promote sensory-motor inhibition and muscle atonia. 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons utilize nora ...
Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
... Sherrington showed that dogs in whom the cervical spinal cord had been transected had an intact scratch reflex in their hind legs. This reflex was maintained even when the dorsal roots from the hind quarter were severed, and stimulation was applied to the spine, indicating that the circuitry was int ...
... Sherrington showed that dogs in whom the cervical spinal cord had been transected had an intact scratch reflex in their hind legs. This reflex was maintained even when the dorsal roots from the hind quarter were severed, and stimulation was applied to the spine, indicating that the circuitry was int ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... alter established response tendencies when outcome contingencies change, typically in discrimination tasks (Fig. 1 A). Thus, the animal is taught that responding to one cue produces reward, whereas executing the same response to another cue produces nonreward or punishment. After the animal learns t ...
... alter established response tendencies when outcome contingencies change, typically in discrimination tasks (Fig. 1 A). Thus, the animal is taught that responding to one cue produces reward, whereas executing the same response to another cue produces nonreward or punishment. After the animal learns t ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.