The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... the dorsal column nuclei may be an important element in this mechanism. However, there is now increasing evidence that the DC pathway may contain an ascending part of an amplification loop that enhances the responsiveness of spinal cord neurons through a descending facilitatory pathway, possibly ori ...
... the dorsal column nuclei may be an important element in this mechanism. However, there is now increasing evidence that the DC pathway may contain an ascending part of an amplification loop that enhances the responsiveness of spinal cord neurons through a descending facilitatory pathway, possibly ori ...
Expression and Functional Interaction of Hepatocyte Growth Factor
... widespread in neurons of many brain areas. The strongest signals were found in the hippocampus (Fig. 4), where they were present in all hippocampal areas with highest levels in the dentate gyrus. Lower signals were detected in all cortical areas, most prominently in the superficial layers I I - m an ...
... widespread in neurons of many brain areas. The strongest signals were found in the hippocampus (Fig. 4), where they were present in all hippocampal areas with highest levels in the dentate gyrus. Lower signals were detected in all cortical areas, most prominently in the superficial layers I I - m an ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... Figure 3 | A PRR neuron that encodes reaches to visual targets in an eye-centred reference frame. A monkey faced a panel that contained touch-sensitive buttons. Within each button was a red and a green light-emitting diode (LED). Red lights indicated where the monkey should look; green lights indica ...
... Figure 3 | A PRR neuron that encodes reaches to visual targets in an eye-centred reference frame. A monkey faced a panel that contained touch-sensitive buttons. Within each button was a red and a green light-emitting diode (LED). Red lights indicated where the monkey should look; green lights indica ...
Proceedings of 2014 BMI the Third International Conference on
... These results suggest that perceptual learning is more likely a high-level process that occurs beyond the retinotopic and orientation/direction selective visual cortex. What is being actually learned in perceptual learning? I will present evidence that perceptual learning may be a form of concept le ...
... These results suggest that perceptual learning is more likely a high-level process that occurs beyond the retinotopic and orientation/direction selective visual cortex. What is being actually learned in perceptual learning? I will present evidence that perceptual learning may be a form of concept le ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
Reprint (1.52 MB PDF)
... researchers have recorded and electrically stimulated cultured networks at multiple spatial locations (Gross et al., 1993b; Tateno and Jimbo, 1999; Shahaf and Marom, 2001). We developed a closed-loop paradigm (Potter et al., 1997; DeMarse et al., 2001; Potter et al., 2004) consisting of a sensory-mo ...
... researchers have recorded and electrically stimulated cultured networks at multiple spatial locations (Gross et al., 1993b; Tateno and Jimbo, 1999; Shahaf and Marom, 2001). We developed a closed-loop paradigm (Potter et al., 1997; DeMarse et al., 2001; Potter et al., 2004) consisting of a sensory-mo ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
... [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus and posterior parietal cortex. In macaque monkeys trained to shift gaze to the oddball target in visual searc ...
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia and proximal cranial ganglia are derived from migratory neural crest in craniates; in cyclostomes, spinal dorsal root ganglia are generated by neural crest, whereas cranial ganglia derive from placodes. In contrast to their craniate counterparts, the dorsal root ganglion ...
... ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia and proximal cranial ganglia are derived from migratory neural crest in craniates; in cyclostomes, spinal dorsal root ganglia are generated by neural crest, whereas cranial ganglia derive from placodes. In contrast to their craniate counterparts, the dorsal root ganglion ...
CN V - Trigeminal
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
13-1 CHAPTER 13 SYNAPSES The nervous system consists of
... in the electron micrograph of Figure 13-1B. It is believed that transmission from one cell to another at a synapse like the one just described (a chemical synapse, as opposed to an electrical synapse) is accomplished by release of a substance, the transmitter substance, from the synaptic vesicles in ...
... in the electron micrograph of Figure 13-1B. It is believed that transmission from one cell to another at a synapse like the one just described (a chemical synapse, as opposed to an electrical synapse) is accomplished by release of a substance, the transmitter substance, from the synaptic vesicles in ...
Brain Waves Volunteer Instructor Guide
... a. Look at the image for 1 minute. When the image is removed, what do you see? This is the Opponent Processing Theory of Colour Vision. Every colour has an opposite colour. Afterimages are seen because neurons become adapted to the colour you are staring at. If you look at the image too long, the ne ...
... a. Look at the image for 1 minute. When the image is removed, what do you see? This is the Opponent Processing Theory of Colour Vision. Every colour has an opposite colour. Afterimages are seen because neurons become adapted to the colour you are staring at. If you look at the image too long, the ne ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... index [6] to investigate the concerted activities of neurons recorded by adjacent electrodes in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board stimuli respectively. The results revealed that synchronized activities frequently occurred among adjacent RGCs (Fig. 2). Synchronous patterns eli ...
... index [6] to investigate the concerted activities of neurons recorded by adjacent electrodes in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board stimuli respectively. The results revealed that synchronized activities frequently occurred among adjacent RGCs (Fig. 2). Synchronous patterns eli ...
Genome wide expression profiling of the
... substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are known to be crucial for diverse yet essential brain functions, such as associative motor learning, emotion and reinforcement (Berke and Hyman, 2000). Moreover, dysfunction of the mdDA system has been associated with a number of neurological ...
... substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are known to be crucial for diverse yet essential brain functions, such as associative motor learning, emotion and reinforcement (Berke and Hyman, 2000). Moreover, dysfunction of the mdDA system has been associated with a number of neurological ...
NEURO PresentationWORKING students A
... • Nerve fibers in the periventricular nucleus and the periaqueductal gray secrete enkephalin at their nerve endings. • Nerve fibers from the raphe magnus secrete serotonin at their nerve endings. • The serotonin causes the local neurons to secrete enkephalin. • Enkephalin is believed to cause both p ...
... • Nerve fibers in the periventricular nucleus and the periaqueductal gray secrete enkephalin at their nerve endings. • Nerve fibers from the raphe magnus secrete serotonin at their nerve endings. • The serotonin causes the local neurons to secrete enkephalin. • Enkephalin is believed to cause both p ...
OPTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE PROJECTIONS FROM THE BED
... al. 2013). Second, we aimed to minimize use-dependent depression of optogenetically-elicited ...
... al. 2013). Second, we aimed to minimize use-dependent depression of optogenetically-elicited ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... et al., 2004; Hikida et al., 2010) and thus facilitate passive avoidance behavior. However, repression of DA activity alone cannot explain learning of the behavioral strategy to actively escape from an environment that warns of the incoming aversive stimuli, because this involves the reinforcement l ...
... et al., 2004; Hikida et al., 2010) and thus facilitate passive avoidance behavior. However, repression of DA activity alone cannot explain learning of the behavioral strategy to actively escape from an environment that warns of the incoming aversive stimuli, because this involves the reinforcement l ...
Learning nonlinear functions on vectors: examples and predictions
... In neuroscience, the term “function” is used in many different contexts. In experimental neuroscience, and in large part to the layperson, the function of the brain or a subsystem of the brain refers to the verb that best describes what it does. The basal ganglia perform action selection, the prefro ...
... In neuroscience, the term “function” is used in many different contexts. In experimental neuroscience, and in large part to the layperson, the function of the brain or a subsystem of the brain refers to the verb that best describes what it does. The basal ganglia perform action selection, the prefro ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... The excitatory population consists of 2048 neurons, whereas the inhibitory population has 512 neurons. A schematic of the network structure is shown in Figure 2A. Pyramidal cells are labeled by their preferred saccade direction from 0 to 360 degrees. The excitatory-toexcitatory connections have a Ga ...
... The excitatory population consists of 2048 neurons, whereas the inhibitory population has 512 neurons. A schematic of the network structure is shown in Figure 2A. Pyramidal cells are labeled by their preferred saccade direction from 0 to 360 degrees. The excitatory-toexcitatory connections have a Ga ...
Reaching for the brain: stimulating neural activity as the big leap in
... additional electrophysiological read-outs in the brain target areas. The novel experimental paradigm to enhance visual system repair introduced by Lim et al. provides an outlook on what future CNS regenerative therapies may look like. Visual stimulation—as a proxy for enhancing neuronal electrical a ...
... additional electrophysiological read-outs in the brain target areas. The novel experimental paradigm to enhance visual system repair introduced by Lim et al. provides an outlook on what future CNS regenerative therapies may look like. Visual stimulation—as a proxy for enhancing neuronal electrical a ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... lateral inhibition [13,14] and several types of neurons [15,16]. We list them according to the shape of their receptive field, i.e., their firing rate plotted as a function of a pure tone’s frequency f and intensity I: type I with a V-shaped response domain in the f; I plane, the ‘‘V’’ pointing at ...
... lateral inhibition [13,14] and several types of neurons [15,16]. We list them according to the shape of their receptive field, i.e., their firing rate plotted as a function of a pure tone’s frequency f and intensity I: type I with a V-shaped response domain in the f; I plane, the ‘‘V’’ pointing at ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... postures. Unit discharge was related to parameters defining the posture of the arm by multiple linear regression techniques. 2. Two monkeys were trained to grasp a manipulandum presented at locations distributed throughout their workspace. The discharge of single units in SI was recorded for 3 s whi ...
... postures. Unit discharge was related to parameters defining the posture of the arm by multiple linear regression techniques. 2. Two monkeys were trained to grasp a manipulandum presented at locations distributed throughout their workspace. The discharge of single units in SI was recorded for 3 s whi ...
... Click here for publications related to neuropeptides The long term goal of this project is to identify factors that regulate secretion of neuropeptides generally, and to determine how these peptides regulate behavior. The motivation for this project is two-fold. First, insulin secretion, and its mis ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... Early biochemical studies suggested that cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed ...
... Early biochemical studies suggested that cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed ...
Handout 1 - Porterville College Home
... 2. *Dopamine & __________________________ are opposites and work together Course Objective #6: Identify psychiatric disorders that appear to be related to the body’s inability to regulate the availability of neurotransmitters. A. Imbalance ______________________________________ B. ___________ dopa ...
... 2. *Dopamine & __________________________ are opposites and work together Course Objective #6: Identify psychiatric disorders that appear to be related to the body’s inability to regulate the availability of neurotransmitters. A. Imbalance ______________________________________ B. ___________ dopa ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.