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The Emerging Age of Cell-free Synthetic Biology
... greater variety of chassis to select from in the future and may further streamline optimization of a CFsynbio system. The open nature of CF allows users to employ the most efficient mode of reaction, whether it be batch, semi-batch, continuous exchange or continuous stirred tank reactors [64, 65]. U ...
... greater variety of chassis to select from in the future and may further streamline optimization of a CFsynbio system. The open nature of CF allows users to employ the most efficient mode of reaction, whether it be batch, semi-batch, continuous exchange or continuous stirred tank reactors [64, 65]. U ...
Selective Enhancement and Suppression of Frog
... acids, the above amino acids elicited only tonic-type patterns in all 10 frogs examined. L-Threonine, glycine, L-serine, and E-cysteine are hydrophilic amino acids. L-Alanine and L-proline are usually classified as hydrophobic amino acids when they are incorporated into proteins. However, their free ...
... acids, the above amino acids elicited only tonic-type patterns in all 10 frogs examined. L-Threonine, glycine, L-serine, and E-cysteine are hydrophilic amino acids. L-Alanine and L-proline are usually classified as hydrophobic amino acids when they are incorporated into proteins. However, their free ...
Intrinsic Disorder in Cell-signaling and Cancer
... for each dataset shows that they vary over a range of about 30% with two exceptions: cytoskeletal and ribosomal proteins (Figure 2(a)). Cytoskeletal proteins are, in general, considerably longer, while ribosomal proteins are, on average, much shorter. The differences in sequence lengths between the ...
... for each dataset shows that they vary over a range of about 30% with two exceptions: cytoskeletal and ribosomal proteins (Figure 2(a)). Cytoskeletal proteins are, in general, considerably longer, while ribosomal proteins are, on average, much shorter. The differences in sequence lengths between the ...
The role of mTOR signaling in the regulation of protein synthesis
... we found that the mass of the five major muscles involved in ankle joint movement were significantly reduced after 7 days of immobilization (Fig. 1B) (note: the animal body weight decreases slightly during the first 2 days of immobilization, supplementary material Fig. S1). Furthermore, with the sur ...
... we found that the mass of the five major muscles involved in ankle joint movement were significantly reduced after 7 days of immobilization (Fig. 1B) (note: the animal body weight decreases slightly during the first 2 days of immobilization, supplementary material Fig. S1). Furthermore, with the sur ...
Slow Protein Conformational Change, Allostery and
... consideration of the biochemical/biophysical properties of each composing macromolecule. One of the reasons that account for the current state of affair is due to a lack of experimental data and theoretical understanding in the "intermediate regime" between single-molecule studies of individual enzy ...
... consideration of the biochemical/biophysical properties of each composing macromolecule. One of the reasons that account for the current state of affair is due to a lack of experimental data and theoretical understanding in the "intermediate regime" between single-molecule studies of individual enzy ...
Lecture 16 - Gene Transcription and Translation
... A retrotransposon that actively jumped around in lobed-fin fishes 410 million years ago led to the creation of enhancers and exons for a gene responsible for neurodevelopment, ISL1. ISL1 plays a hugely important role in regulating insulin gene expression, governs motor neuron generation, and helps t ...
... A retrotransposon that actively jumped around in lobed-fin fishes 410 million years ago led to the creation of enhancers and exons for a gene responsible for neurodevelopment, ISL1. ISL1 plays a hugely important role in regulating insulin gene expression, governs motor neuron generation, and helps t ...
Mitochondrial quality control by the ubiquitin
... Vms1 regulates mitochondrial protein degradation We recently identified a mechanism in yeast whereby a novel protein, which we have named Vms1 [VCP (valosincontaining protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrialstress-responsive 1], recruits Cdc48/p97 and Npl4 to stressed mitochondria [15]. Under n ...
... Vms1 regulates mitochondrial protein degradation We recently identified a mechanism in yeast whereby a novel protein, which we have named Vms1 [VCP (valosincontaining protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrialstress-responsive 1], recruits Cdc48/p97 and Npl4 to stressed mitochondria [15]. Under n ...
Characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol 3
... FYVE finger domains were first identified by Stenmark et al. [1] as novel zinc fingers that are present in a variety of proteins implicated in vesicular trafficking. These 70 residue domains are highly conserved between species and are named after the first four proteins (Fab1p, YOTB, Vac1p and EEA1 ...
... FYVE finger domains were first identified by Stenmark et al. [1] as novel zinc fingers that are present in a variety of proteins implicated in vesicular trafficking. These 70 residue domains are highly conserved between species and are named after the first four proteins (Fab1p, YOTB, Vac1p and EEA1 ...
y. Cell Set. Suppl. ¡1, 1-11 (1989) Printed in
... Mitochondria contain their own genetic system which manufactures most of the mitochondrial RNAs and a few (13 in humans) of the mitochondrial proteins. All the other hundreds of mitochondrial proteins, and probably also several mitochondrial RNAs, are encoded by nuclear genes and imported into the m ...
... Mitochondria contain their own genetic system which manufactures most of the mitochondrial RNAs and a few (13 in humans) of the mitochondrial proteins. All the other hundreds of mitochondrial proteins, and probably also several mitochondrial RNAs, are encoded by nuclear genes and imported into the m ...
Membrane protein integration into the endoplasmic reticulum
... of them containing charged residues [49–51]. These observations, together with the fact that TRAM itself contains an unusually high number of charged residues within its TM segments, led to the idea that TRAM could act as a chaperone for the integration of nonoptimal TM segments by providing a more ...
... of them containing charged residues [49–51]. These observations, together with the fact that TRAM itself contains an unusually high number of charged residues within its TM segments, led to the idea that TRAM could act as a chaperone for the integration of nonoptimal TM segments by providing a more ...
Structure and function of tomato disease resistance proteins van
... Adapted from: Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2007, Volume 45, 43-72 ...
... Adapted from: Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2007, Volume 45, 43-72 ...
Peptide inhibitors of the essential cell division protein FtsA
... Lutkenhaus, 1992; Projan, 2002; Errington et al., 2003). To our knowledge, the intrinsic cell division inhibitors MinC (Errington et al., 2003) and SulA (Cordell et al., 2003) which constitute active regulators of this physiological process do not select resistance. Among bacterial division proteins ...
... Lutkenhaus, 1992; Projan, 2002; Errington et al., 2003). To our knowledge, the intrinsic cell division inhibitors MinC (Errington et al., 2003) and SulA (Cordell et al., 2003) which constitute active regulators of this physiological process do not select resistance. Among bacterial division proteins ...
Architecture of the trypanosome RNA editing accessory complex
... RNA editing is catalyzed by the multiprotein RNA editing core complex (RECC), also known as the editosome. Pre-mRNA and cognate gRNA form an anchor duplex, with the sites to be edited located upstream of the anchor duplex. The central region of the gRNA then acts as the template to direct the editin ...
... RNA editing is catalyzed by the multiprotein RNA editing core complex (RECC), also known as the editosome. Pre-mRNA and cognate gRNA form an anchor duplex, with the sites to be edited located upstream of the anchor duplex. The central region of the gRNA then acts as the template to direct the editin ...
Dual Location of the Mitochondrial Preprotein
... complex (Klodmann et al., 2011; Rode et al., 2011). A comparison of B14.7, Tim23-2, and yeast Tim23 shows that B14.7 is similar to yeast Tim23 in terms of overall characteristics and contains an Arg residue in the correct position of the PRAT consensus domain, G/AX2F/YX10RX3DX6G/A/SGX3G, compared wi ...
... complex (Klodmann et al., 2011; Rode et al., 2011). A comparison of B14.7, Tim23-2, and yeast Tim23 shows that B14.7 is similar to yeast Tim23 in terms of overall characteristics and contains an Arg residue in the correct position of the PRAT consensus domain, G/AX2F/YX10RX3DX6G/A/SGX3G, compared wi ...
Protein S-nitrosylation in photosynthetic organisms: A
... 2.1. Major systems of NO production In animal systems the production of nitric oxide (NO) has been extensively characterized over the last decades. Nowadays it is universally accepted that the main pathway goes through nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a ubiquitous enzyme existing in three isoforms: neur ...
... 2.1. Major systems of NO production In animal systems the production of nitric oxide (NO) has been extensively characterized over the last decades. Nowadays it is universally accepted that the main pathway goes through nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a ubiquitous enzyme existing in three isoforms: neur ...
Full-Text PDF
... 6 February 2013. Among them, 309 structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography and 25 structures by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), respectively. Usually, the structures of large proteins are determined by X-ray crystallography and those of small proteins by NMR spectroscopy. Because of ...
... 6 February 2013. Among them, 309 structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography and 25 structures by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), respectively. Usually, the structures of large proteins are determined by X-ray crystallography and those of small proteins by NMR spectroscopy. Because of ...
Ribosomal proteins L5 and L15 Ivailo Simoff in vivo
... complexes that demonstrate remarkable structural and functional similarities across all the three domains of life. The actual process of translation has three basic steps: initiation, elongation and termination. At the end of the translation cycle the ribosome has build a polypeptide chain by assemb ...
... complexes that demonstrate remarkable structural and functional similarities across all the three domains of life. The actual process of translation has three basic steps: initiation, elongation and termination. At the end of the translation cycle the ribosome has build a polypeptide chain by assemb ...
Translocation of proteins across archaeal cytoplasmic membranes
... vivo, and in vitro analyses of archaeal cellular processes have not only led to a better understanding of life under extreme conditions, but have also provided novel insights into bacterial and eukaryotic cellular function. One such cellular process is that of protein translocation. 1.2. Protein tra ...
... vivo, and in vitro analyses of archaeal cellular processes have not only led to a better understanding of life under extreme conditions, but have also provided novel insights into bacterial and eukaryotic cellular function. One such cellular process is that of protein translocation. 1.2. Protein tra ...
Y41G9a.1 and ciliary defects in osm
... Characterization of the molecular defects in these mutants with altered cilia structure has revealed that many of the proteins are homologs of IFT proteins identified in Chlamydomonas (Cole et al., 1998). The protein products of the worm osm-1 and osm-6 genes are homologs of IFT raft proteins identi ...
... Characterization of the molecular defects in these mutants with altered cilia structure has revealed that many of the proteins are homologs of IFT proteins identified in Chlamydomonas (Cole et al., 1998). The protein products of the worm osm-1 and osm-6 genes are homologs of IFT raft proteins identi ...
Localization of protein-binding sites within families of proteins
... Second, the binding sites within each family are superposed using a structural alignment of its members. Finally, the degree of localization of binding sites within each family is quantified by comparing it with localization expected by chance. We found that 72% of the 1847 SCOP domain families in P ...
... Second, the binding sites within each family are superposed using a structural alignment of its members. Finally, the degree of localization of binding sites within each family is quantified by comparing it with localization expected by chance. We found that 72% of the 1847 SCOP domain families in P ...
Natural amino acids do not require their native tRNAs for efficient
... (containing correctly and misacylated tRNAs) was in threefold excess over the initiation complexes. The error bars represent the s.d. from the mean. These data show that misacylated tRNAs exhibit only a slight decrease in efficiency of selection relative to correctly acylated tRNAs. ...
... (containing correctly and misacylated tRNAs) was in threefold excess over the initiation complexes. The error bars represent the s.d. from the mean. These data show that misacylated tRNAs exhibit only a slight decrease in efficiency of selection relative to correctly acylated tRNAs. ...
ZO-3, a Novel Member of the MAGUK Protein Family Found at the
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
12 Measuring Bacterial Biomass Production and Growth Rates from
... on the incubation volume and the specific activity of the 3Hleucine batch from the manufacturer. 4. Incubate the samples at the in situ temperature for an appropriate time. The incubation time may vary from 30min to 24h, depending on the activity level. For many applications, end point determination ...
... on the incubation volume and the specific activity of the 3Hleucine batch from the manufacturer. 4. Incubate the samples at the in situ temperature for an appropriate time. The incubation time may vary from 30min to 24h, depending on the activity level. For many applications, end point determination ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY Origins of tmRNA: the
... associated with Small protein B (SmpB). tmRNA is a hybrid molecule carrying out both transfer and messenger RNA activities, and its total length varies between about 260 and 430 nucleotides, depending on the cell species (Figure 4). It is always aminoacylated by alanine. As for SmpB, its topology ma ...
... associated with Small protein B (SmpB). tmRNA is a hybrid molecule carrying out both transfer and messenger RNA activities, and its total length varies between about 260 and 430 nucleotides, depending on the cell species (Figure 4). It is always aminoacylated by alanine. As for SmpB, its topology ma ...
figure 1 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... Anabolic processes use energy to construct the molecular components of cells, whereas catabolic processes break down molecules to regulate their turnover and to harvest energy and recycle nutrients. During favourable environmental conditions (e.g. nutrient abundance), metabolic regulation favours an ...
... Anabolic processes use energy to construct the molecular components of cells, whereas catabolic processes break down molecules to regulate their turnover and to harvest energy and recycle nutrients. During favourable environmental conditions (e.g. nutrient abundance), metabolic regulation favours an ...
Protein (nutrient)
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue, and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins contain 4 kcal per gram, just like carbohydrates and unlike lipids, which contain 9 kcal per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. During human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the synthesis of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body.There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition. They are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine. There are five dispensable amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and serine. There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and tyrosine.Humans need the essential amino acids in certain ratios. Some protein sources contain amino acids in a more or less 'complete' sense. This has given rise to various ranking systems for protein sources, as described in the article.Animal sources of protein include meats, dairy products, fish and eggs. Vegan sources of protein include whole grains, pulses, legumes, soy, and nuts. Vegetarians and vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins. It is commonly believed that athletes should consume a higher-than-normal protein intake to maintain optimal physical performance.