Propionate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... Determination of culture dry weight. Dry weights of culture samples were determined using a microwave oven and 0-45 pm membrane filters as described by Postma e t a/. (1989). Parallel samples varied by less than 1 %. Analysis of substrates and metabolites. Glucose was assayed with the Boehringer GOD ...
... Determination of culture dry weight. Dry weights of culture samples were determined using a microwave oven and 0-45 pm membrane filters as described by Postma e t a/. (1989). Parallel samples varied by less than 1 %. Analysis of substrates and metabolites. Glucose was assayed with the Boehringer GOD ...
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... transamination and subsequent oxidative deamination)., forming ammonia and the corresponding α-keto acid—the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. - A portion of the free ammonia is excreted in the urine. - In the second phase of amino acid catabolism, the carbon skeletons of the α-ketoacids are conver ...
... transamination and subsequent oxidative deamination)., forming ammonia and the corresponding α-keto acid—the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. - A portion of the free ammonia is excreted in the urine. - In the second phase of amino acid catabolism, the carbon skeletons of the α-ketoacids are conver ...
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate mediates glycolysis and the TCA cycle
... DEHP challenge. The distinct expression profiles of the two GAPDs indicated that they might be participated in the different metabolic pathways for DEHP detoxication. Mammals were known to possess two tissue-specific GAPD isoenzymes of GAPD-1 and GAPD-2, which served as classical metabolic proteins ...
... DEHP challenge. The distinct expression profiles of the two GAPDs indicated that they might be participated in the different metabolic pathways for DEHP detoxication. Mammals were known to possess two tissue-specific GAPD isoenzymes of GAPD-1 and GAPD-2, which served as classical metabolic proteins ...
Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle
... skeletal muscle is about four times the storage capacity of the liver, at about 400g dry weight. Remember that 1g of glycogen binds 2.7 g water, so about 1.5 kg of total body weight depends on muscle glycogen storage level. Metabolizing glycogen's glucose units generates energy at several levels. Br ...
... skeletal muscle is about four times the storage capacity of the liver, at about 400g dry weight. Remember that 1g of glycogen binds 2.7 g water, so about 1.5 kg of total body weight depends on muscle glycogen storage level. Metabolizing glycogen's glucose units generates energy at several levels. Br ...
Metabolism of bilirubin and bile salts synthesis (uronic acid pathway
... A green pigment-BILIVERDIN– is formed Biliverdin is then reduced by biliverdin reductase (NAPDH dependent)to form red-orange bilirubin Changing colour of a bruise ...
... A green pigment-BILIVERDIN– is formed Biliverdin is then reduced by biliverdin reductase (NAPDH dependent)to form red-orange bilirubin Changing colour of a bruise ...
Measuring enzyme activities under standardized in vivo
... Despite the low sodium concentration in the medium (0.2 mm), the intracellular concentration estimated from elemental analysis was nevertheless 28 mm. In the literature, values of 20 mm were found [15,17]. When reported [15], the extracellular sodium concentration was higher than in our experiment ...
... Despite the low sodium concentration in the medium (0.2 mm), the intracellular concentration estimated from elemental analysis was nevertheless 28 mm. In the literature, values of 20 mm were found [15,17]. When reported [15], the extracellular sodium concentration was higher than in our experiment ...
Anatomy of a Cell :
... not break down cellular components willy-nilly because the cytoplasmic pH is close to neutral and the enzymes do not work well. Once thought to be exclusive to animal cells, lysosomes have now been described in all cells from all eukaryotic kingdoms. ...
... not break down cellular components willy-nilly because the cytoplasmic pH is close to neutral and the enzymes do not work well. Once thought to be exclusive to animal cells, lysosomes have now been described in all cells from all eukaryotic kingdoms. ...
Second
... Question 4. 20 points. A student just started to study protein translocation with the eventual goal of isolating the individual components involved. His first task was to isolate the different subcellular fractions that are required for this process. Unfortunately, his labels fell off and he could n ...
... Question 4. 20 points. A student just started to study protein translocation with the eventual goal of isolating the individual components involved. His first task was to isolate the different subcellular fractions that are required for this process. Unfortunately, his labels fell off and he could n ...
the phosphoglycerate mutase family studied by protein engineering
... an active-site histidine (His-8) is phosphorylated by the cofactor 2.3-bisphosphoglycerate. A substrate molecule can then bind. and phospho-transfer takes place via a ping-pong mechanism. The flexible C-terminal tail is thought to exclude water and help anchor intermediates at the active site. After ...
... an active-site histidine (His-8) is phosphorylated by the cofactor 2.3-bisphosphoglycerate. A substrate molecule can then bind. and phospho-transfer takes place via a ping-pong mechanism. The flexible C-terminal tail is thought to exclude water and help anchor intermediates at the active site. After ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation accompanying Oxidation of
... that the addition of 6 units of hexokinase was sufficient for the determination of P/O ratios. At this concentration, however, there was a slight fall in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and ketone-body formation. The high rate of oxygen consumption in the absence of hexokinase, and the quite small ...
... that the addition of 6 units of hexokinase was sufficient for the determination of P/O ratios. At this concentration, however, there was a slight fall in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and ketone-body formation. The high rate of oxygen consumption in the absence of hexokinase, and the quite small ...
Ch6-4_Enzymes-New
... Located on the p arm of chromosome 1 in humans, this gene codes for an enzyme involved in the methylation of folic acid, a necessary B vitamin. Methylated (folate) and non-methylated (folic acid) forms are found in leafy greens, beans, and whole grains. ...
... Located on the p arm of chromosome 1 in humans, this gene codes for an enzyme involved in the methylation of folic acid, a necessary B vitamin. Methylated (folate) and non-methylated (folic acid) forms are found in leafy greens, beans, and whole grains. ...
enzymes - UniMAP Portal
... bonds of the substrates at a faster rate without being consumed in the process. At the end of each catalytic cycle, the enzyme is free to begin again with a new substrate molecule ...
... bonds of the substrates at a faster rate without being consumed in the process. At the end of each catalytic cycle, the enzyme is free to begin again with a new substrate molecule ...
Functional foods against metabolic syndrome
... hypertension and hyperglycaemia or Type 2 diabetes. It covers insulin resistance, oxidative stress and an inflammatory state. Functional food and over 800 plants help prevent or reduce metabolic syndrome by assisting the body homeostasis mechanisms. Type II diabetes expresses the decreased disposal ...
... hypertension and hyperglycaemia or Type 2 diabetes. It covers insulin resistance, oxidative stress and an inflammatory state. Functional food and over 800 plants help prevent or reduce metabolic syndrome by assisting the body homeostasis mechanisms. Type II diabetes expresses the decreased disposal ...
Enzyme Catalysis Lab
... The enzyme used in this lab, catalase, has four polypeptide chains, each composed of more than 500 amino acids. This enzyme is ubiquitous in aerobic organisms. One function of catalase within cells is to prevent the accumulation of toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide formed as a by-product of metaboli ...
... The enzyme used in this lab, catalase, has four polypeptide chains, each composed of more than 500 amino acids. This enzyme is ubiquitous in aerobic organisms. One function of catalase within cells is to prevent the accumulation of toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide formed as a by-product of metaboli ...
Skeletal muscle substrate metabolism
... been demonstrated by mathematical modelling that mitochondrial distribution within muscle cells is not likely to play a major role for oxygen diffusion because diffusivity of oxygen is high in muscle ®bers partly related to the myoglobin content of muscle.12 As a consequence of their location under ...
... been demonstrated by mathematical modelling that mitochondrial distribution within muscle cells is not likely to play a major role for oxygen diffusion because diffusivity of oxygen is high in muscle ®bers partly related to the myoglobin content of muscle.12 As a consequence of their location under ...
Metabolic Flux Profiling of Reaction Modules in Liver Drug
... of specific reaction clusters, in this case xenobiotic transformation. At its core, this framework consists of an algorithm for top-down partitioning of directed graphs with non-uniform edge weight distributions. The core algorithm is further augmented with metabolic flux profiling and stoichiometri ...
... of specific reaction clusters, in this case xenobiotic transformation. At its core, this framework consists of an algorithm for top-down partitioning of directed graphs with non-uniform edge weight distributions. The core algorithm is further augmented with metabolic flux profiling and stoichiometri ...
with Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
... patients and 19 control subjects showed in the basal state a 30% decrease (P < 0.005) in total GS activity and a 38% decrease (P < 0.001) in GS mRNA/ tjg DNA in NIDDM patients, whereas the GS protein level was normal. The enzymatic activity and protein and mRNA levels of PFK were all normal in diabe ...
... patients and 19 control subjects showed in the basal state a 30% decrease (P < 0.005) in total GS activity and a 38% decrease (P < 0.001) in GS mRNA/ tjg DNA in NIDDM patients, whereas the GS protein level was normal. The enzymatic activity and protein and mRNA levels of PFK were all normal in diabe ...
A minimal growth medium for the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus
... was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. While some amino acids were synthesized up to 90% in vivo from glucose (e.g., alanine), asparagine and/or aspartate were predominantly taken up from the medium. With this information in hand, a defined yeast free salt medium ...
... was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. While some amino acids were synthesized up to 90% in vivo from glucose (e.g., alanine), asparagine and/or aspartate were predominantly taken up from the medium. With this information in hand, a defined yeast free salt medium ...
Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen & Urea Cycle
... Aspartate+NH3 +CO2 +3 ATP Urea+Fumarate +2 ADP +AMP +2Pi +2 PPi +3 H2O 4 High energy phosphates –Synthesis of each molecule of urea Source of one nitrogen of urea-Free ammonia Source of second nitrogen of urea-Aspartate In effect, both nitrogen atoms of urea come from glutamate, which in tur ...
... Aspartate+NH3 +CO2 +3 ATP Urea+Fumarate +2 ADP +AMP +2Pi +2 PPi +3 H2O 4 High energy phosphates –Synthesis of each molecule of urea Source of one nitrogen of urea-Free ammonia Source of second nitrogen of urea-Aspartate In effect, both nitrogen atoms of urea come from glutamate, which in tur ...
Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a
... Therefore, it was somewhat surprising when Kelley and Mandarino (21), using the leg balance technique, found that glucose oxidation was increased in leg muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects studied postabsorptively under conditions of fasting hyperglycemia. In fact, leg RQs in individuals with diabete ...
... Therefore, it was somewhat surprising when Kelley and Mandarino (21), using the leg balance technique, found that glucose oxidation was increased in leg muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects studied postabsorptively under conditions of fasting hyperglycemia. In fact, leg RQs in individuals with diabete ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑