Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two
... coenzyme (19.7) an organic group required by some enzymes; generally a donor or acceptor of electrons or functional groups in a reaction. cofactor (19.7) metal ions, organic compounds, or organometallic compounds that must be bound to an apoenzyme to maintain the correct configuration of the active ...
... coenzyme (19.7) an organic group required by some enzymes; generally a donor or acceptor of electrons or functional groups in a reaction. cofactor (19.7) metal ions, organic compounds, or organometallic compounds that must be bound to an apoenzyme to maintain the correct configuration of the active ...
Chapter 4
... 3. Explain the five physiological reasons for the production of lactic acid. What determines whether or not lactate accumulates in the blood? How is lactate cleared? Pg. 90-92, Figure 4.4 The five physiological reasons for the production of lactate are: a) Muscle contraction- during muscle contract ...
... 3. Explain the five physiological reasons for the production of lactic acid. What determines whether or not lactate accumulates in the blood? How is lactate cleared? Pg. 90-92, Figure 4.4 The five physiological reasons for the production of lactate are: a) Muscle contraction- during muscle contract ...
The energy equivalents of ATP and the energy values of food
... Biochemical energy values Metabolic pathways for the oxidation of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol used in the computation of ATP yields were direct, i.e. not via the storage forms glycogen, fat and protein. Oxidation of protein via gluconeogenesis was considered as an option. ...
... Biochemical energy values Metabolic pathways for the oxidation of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol used in the computation of ATP yields were direct, i.e. not via the storage forms glycogen, fat and protein. Oxidation of protein via gluconeogenesis was considered as an option. ...
Evolution of Metabolisms - Theoretical and Computational
... Ferredoxins, besides thioredoxin, avodoxin, and rubredoxin, are important coenzymes in metabolic pathways. They serve as electron acceptors and donors in many anabolic, catabolic, and electron transfer reactions. For example, ferredoxin is a redox partner in more than 50 known pathways. An example ...
... Ferredoxins, besides thioredoxin, avodoxin, and rubredoxin, are important coenzymes in metabolic pathways. They serve as electron acceptors and donors in many anabolic, catabolic, and electron transfer reactions. For example, ferredoxin is a redox partner in more than 50 known pathways. An example ...
Insulina - Gilberto De Nucci
... hypoglycemic events noted per patient were reduced by 46.4% (p = 0.003) and occurred significantly less often during nocturnal periods (-63.2%, p = 0.002). Following the adjustment, the mean daily insulin requirement was reduced by 28.05% (from 0.82 to 0.59 IU/kg) and the new proportion of 40% as ba ...
... hypoglycemic events noted per patient were reduced by 46.4% (p = 0.003) and occurred significantly less often during nocturnal periods (-63.2%, p = 0.002). Following the adjustment, the mean daily insulin requirement was reduced by 28.05% (from 0.82 to 0.59 IU/kg) and the new proportion of 40% as ba ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... magnetic stirrer. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 6.5 M-HCI prior to inoculation and the medium was reduced by the addition of 25 ml titanium/nitrilotriacetic acid solution (Moench & Zeikus, 1983). The cells were harvested during mid-exponential phase by centrifugation using a Sharp ...
... magnetic stirrer. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 6.5 M-HCI prior to inoculation and the medium was reduced by the addition of 25 ml titanium/nitrilotriacetic acid solution (Moench & Zeikus, 1983). The cells were harvested during mid-exponential phase by centrifugation using a Sharp ...
Acute hibernation decreases myocardial pyruvate carboxylation and
... Received 3 April 2001; accepted in final form 25 May 2001 ...
... Received 3 April 2001; accepted in final form 25 May 2001 ...
Design and analysis of metabolic pathways supporting
... formate-dependent microbial electrosynthesis [43,46]. However, while remarkable progress was achieved in the genetic manipulation, metabolic engineering and bulk cultivation of these organisms, they are still less streamlined for industrial use as compared to model organisms, such as S. cerevisiae a ...
... formate-dependent microbial electrosynthesis [43,46]. However, while remarkable progress was achieved in the genetic manipulation, metabolic engineering and bulk cultivation of these organisms, they are still less streamlined for industrial use as compared to model organisms, such as S. cerevisiae a ...
Some Structural and Kinetic Aspects of L
... basis of L-PK cooperativity against PEP are not well understood. Moreover, it is not clear whether phosphorylation amplifies cooperativity of L-PK catalysis, or this property is generated through the enzyme phosphorylation. In this study we addressed some of these questions by comparative study of k ...
... basis of L-PK cooperativity against PEP are not well understood. Moreover, it is not clear whether phosphorylation amplifies cooperativity of L-PK catalysis, or this property is generated through the enzyme phosphorylation. In this study we addressed some of these questions by comparative study of k ...
Bio 3B Saddleback College Fall 2011 The Effect of a Lactic Acid R
... sometimes requires more energy production than our bodies can deliver oxygen. Then the working muscles generate energies anaerobically. The energy comes from glucose through glycolysis, and glucose is broken down into pyruvate through series of steps. When oxygen is limited, the body temporarily con ...
... sometimes requires more energy production than our bodies can deliver oxygen. Then the working muscles generate energies anaerobically. The energy comes from glucose through glycolysis, and glucose is broken down into pyruvate through series of steps. When oxygen is limited, the body temporarily con ...
lecture7
... active. In starvation, the level of free fatty acids rises because hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon stimulate adipose-cell lipase. Insulin, in contrast, inhibits lipolysis. Acetyl CoA carboxylase also plays a role in the regulation of fatty acid degradation. Malonyl CoA, the product of the ...
... active. In starvation, the level of free fatty acids rises because hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon stimulate adipose-cell lipase. Insulin, in contrast, inhibits lipolysis. Acetyl CoA carboxylase also plays a role in the regulation of fatty acid degradation. Malonyl CoA, the product of the ...
enhanced rate of ethanol elimination from blood after intravenous
... Abstract — Aims: To investigate the effect of an amino acid mixture given intravenously (i.v.) on the rate of ethanol elimination from blood compared with equicaloric glucose and Ringer’s acetate as control treatments. Methods: In a randomized cross-over study, six healthy men (mean age 23 years) fa ...
... Abstract — Aims: To investigate the effect of an amino acid mixture given intravenously (i.v.) on the rate of ethanol elimination from blood compared with equicaloric glucose and Ringer’s acetate as control treatments. Methods: In a randomized cross-over study, six healthy men (mean age 23 years) fa ...
General Amino Acid Metabolism
... transamination with α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate is unique in that it is the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (Figure 19.10). Therefore, the sequential action of transamination (resulting in the collection of amino groups from oth ...
... transamination with α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate is unique in that it is the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (Figure 19.10). Therefore, the sequential action of transamination (resulting in the collection of amino groups from oth ...
CARBON SKELETONS COVALENT BONDS - U
... Large linear and branched molecules can be made from simple repeating sugar subunits. Short chains are called oligosaccharides, while long chains are called polysaccharides. Glycogen, for example, is a polysaccharide made entirely of ...
... Large linear and branched molecules can be made from simple repeating sugar subunits. Short chains are called oligosaccharides, while long chains are called polysaccharides. Glycogen, for example, is a polysaccharide made entirely of ...
Test composition for detecting hydrogen peroxide
... Gynecology is another area where this diagnostic com position and indicator may be used. Gynecological This invention relates to new test compositions and test 10 studies have shown that glucose is present in periodic indicators. Generally it is concerned with both a test ...
... Gynecology is another area where this diagnostic com position and indicator may be used. Gynecological This invention relates to new test compositions and test 10 studies have shown that glucose is present in periodic indicators. Generally it is concerned with both a test ...
Enzymes - Dr. Hamad Ali Yaseen
... • co-factor - organic or inorganic molecules that are required by some enzymes for activity. These include Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and larger molecules termed co-enzymes like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), coenzyme A, and many vitamins. • prosthetic group - a metal or other co-enzyme covalently ...
... • co-factor - organic or inorganic molecules that are required by some enzymes for activity. These include Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and larger molecules termed co-enzymes like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), coenzyme A, and many vitamins. • prosthetic group - a metal or other co-enzyme covalently ...
Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: range of
... total rate of appearance of glucose in circulation, as measured by isotopic tracer dilution, and the non-protein respiratory quotient (RQ), so that at glucose Ra of 30 mmol=kgmin (5.4 mg=kgmin or 7.8 g=kgd), the nonprotein RQ became equal to 1.0, suggesting that the entire non-protein energy need ...
... total rate of appearance of glucose in circulation, as measured by isotopic tracer dilution, and the non-protein respiratory quotient (RQ), so that at glucose Ra of 30 mmol=kgmin (5.4 mg=kgmin or 7.8 g=kgd), the nonprotein RQ became equal to 1.0, suggesting that the entire non-protein energy need ...
CWI Learning List for ANAT 111
... Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors control enzyme action. Distinguish between a metabolic pathway and a multienzyme complex. Explain the role of negative feedback in enzyme regulation. Identify and explain the processes involving phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzym ...
... Describe how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors control enzyme action. Distinguish between a metabolic pathway and a multienzyme complex. Explain the role of negative feedback in enzyme regulation. Identify and explain the processes involving phosphate that commonly are used to regulate enzym ...
Lab5
... energy. Respiration is a three step process involving glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain), which requires oxygen be present. Fermentation is the partial breakdown of the organic molecule and does not require oxygen. Fermentation in ...
... energy. Respiration is a three step process involving glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain), which requires oxygen be present. Fermentation is the partial breakdown of the organic molecule and does not require oxygen. Fermentation in ...
Instructions for use Title ENZYMOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
... model system of glycolysis in the study of the role of enzymes in homeostasis, key differences between the enzymatic steps of glycolysis and those of gluconeogenesis have been delaed with by many investigators. The extensive investigations regarding this showed that dietary, hormonal and pathologica ...
... model system of glycolysis in the study of the role of enzymes in homeostasis, key differences between the enzymatic steps of glycolysis and those of gluconeogenesis have been delaed with by many investigators. The extensive investigations regarding this showed that dietary, hormonal and pathologica ...
Paraoxonase-2 Gene (PON2) G148 Variant Associated with
... of any quantitative phenotype with variations in two other genes on 7q21.3-q22.1, namely PON1 and PDK4. The absence of associations with the other closely linked genetic markers suggests that the association of a variation in plasma glucose in NIDDM with the PON2 genotype is specific, although the c ...
... of any quantitative phenotype with variations in two other genes on 7q21.3-q22.1, namely PON1 and PDK4. The absence of associations with the other closely linked genetic markers suggests that the association of a variation in plasma glucose in NIDDM with the PON2 genotype is specific, although the c ...
Structure, function and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... Glucose is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion from βpancreatic cells when extracellular levels are greater than 3 mM. Secretion of insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a ...
... Glucose is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion from βpancreatic cells when extracellular levels are greater than 3 mM. Secretion of insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose results in the rapid uptake of glucose by pancreatic βcells more than by other cell types [16,17]. This is a ...
Microarray on Germinating Yeast Spores (WP2)
... • The aim of my project is to uncover how eukaryotic cells maintain dormant stages and how they are again reactivated • We are using the ordinary baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organism • S. cerevisiae produces a dormant stage in the form of the yeast spore ...
... • The aim of my project is to uncover how eukaryotic cells maintain dormant stages and how they are again reactivated • We are using the ordinary baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organism • S. cerevisiae produces a dormant stage in the form of the yeast spore ...
Integrative Physiology Cardiac-Specific Deletion of Acetyl CoA
... consisting of glucose, FA, and lactate, both MVO2 and contractile function, assessed by rate-pressure product (RPP), increased slightly in ACC2H⫺/⫺, although this was not statistically significant. The oxygen efficiency, estimated by MVO2/RPP, was not different between the groups (Figure 4B). To det ...
... consisting of glucose, FA, and lactate, both MVO2 and contractile function, assessed by rate-pressure product (RPP), increased slightly in ACC2H⫺/⫺, although this was not statistically significant. The oxygen efficiency, estimated by MVO2/RPP, was not different between the groups (Figure 4B). To det ...
a) A, B
... __ 58. Which bonds form the primary structure of a protein? a) peptide bonds b) hydrogen bonds c) disulfide bonds d) Only peptide bonds and disulfide bonds are correct. e) peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds __ 59. At which level of protein structure are interactions between R-groups ...
... __ 58. Which bonds form the primary structure of a protein? a) peptide bonds b) hydrogen bonds c) disulfide bonds d) Only peptide bonds and disulfide bonds are correct. e) peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds __ 59. At which level of protein structure are interactions between R-groups ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑