metabolic factors in fatigue
... Another aspect of central fatigue during prolonged exercise involves the potential interactions among the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine), cerebral tryptophan uptake, and brain serotonin levels. Tryptophan is a serotonin precursor, and cerebral tryptop ...
... Another aspect of central fatigue during prolonged exercise involves the potential interactions among the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine), cerebral tryptophan uptake, and brain serotonin levels. Tryptophan is a serotonin precursor, and cerebral tryptop ...
Point:Counterpoint Comments The following letters are in response
... some of which are relatively slowly restored (4). However, retention of produced lactate by fast glycolytic fibers provides a preferred energy source for resynthesizing glycogen after cessation of contraction. Why get rid of a most important, readily usable postcontraction energy source? ...
... some of which are relatively slowly restored (4). However, retention of produced lactate by fast glycolytic fibers provides a preferred energy source for resynthesizing glycogen after cessation of contraction. Why get rid of a most important, readily usable postcontraction energy source? ...
Degradation of fluorobenzene by Rhizobiales strain F11 via
... Received 19 May 2006/Accepted 5 September 2006 ...
... Received 19 May 2006/Accepted 5 September 2006 ...
Ketone Bodies Mimic the Life Span Extending
... The toxicity of ROS/RNS is ameliorated by the NADPH system (Fig. 2), the redox potential of which is made more negative by the metabolism of ketone bodies (19,38,39). The redox potential of the free cytosolic [NADP1]/[NADPH] system is about 20.42 V, about the same redox potential as hydrogen and is ...
... The toxicity of ROS/RNS is ameliorated by the NADPH system (Fig. 2), the redox potential of which is made more negative by the metabolism of ketone bodies (19,38,39). The redox potential of the free cytosolic [NADP1]/[NADPH] system is about 20.42 V, about the same redox potential as hydrogen and is ...
MedBiochem Exam 2, 1998
... A. they are associated with lipid in the membrane. B. they can be transmembranous. Create PDF with GO2PDF for free, if you wish to remove this line, click here to buy Virtual PDF Printer ...
... A. they are associated with lipid in the membrane. B. they can be transmembranous. Create PDF with GO2PDF for free, if you wish to remove this line, click here to buy Virtual PDF Printer ...
Carbon metabolism in transgenic roots with altered levels
... This study investigates the capacity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and nitrogen metabolism in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots modified to express different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regime ...
... This study investigates the capacity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and nitrogen metabolism in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots modified to express different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regime ...
Biology 12 - Biologically Important Molecules
... glucose in _______________. The _______________ is the main organ that produces, breaks down, and stores this polysaccharide. 23. "Roughage" or "Fibre" in our diet is actually due to the presence of _______________, another polymer of glucose found only in _______________. 24. A pentose sugar contai ...
... glucose in _______________. The _______________ is the main organ that produces, breaks down, and stores this polysaccharide. 23. "Roughage" or "Fibre" in our diet is actually due to the presence of _______________, another polymer of glucose found only in _______________. 24. A pentose sugar contai ...
The colorimetric estimation of inorganic phosphate
... atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphate ion carries a negative three formal charge ...
... atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphate ion carries a negative three formal charge ...
Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscular Fatigue?
... Aerobic metabolism. As indicated, pyruvate and NADH, (and, perhaps, lactic acid), must be absorbed from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria of muscle fibers in order to continue being metabolized. Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of cells (see figure 4). They have been l ...
... Aerobic metabolism. As indicated, pyruvate and NADH, (and, perhaps, lactic acid), must be absorbed from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria of muscle fibers in order to continue being metabolized. Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of cells (see figure 4). They have been l ...
ENZYMES
... – Lipase works only on __________ – Sucrase works only on ____________ – Protease works only on ____________ – __________ works only on fructose ...
... – Lipase works only on __________ – Sucrase works only on ____________ – Protease works only on ____________ – __________ works only on fructose ...
Phytochemistry 24:
... glycerol retained 70% of the initial activity after two months’ storage at -2O”, while the GS without glycerol lost 90 % activity. We initially attempted putication using glutamate and ATP-linked afiinity media under various conditions without success. The extremely high affinity of GS for ADP noted ...
... glycerol retained 70% of the initial activity after two months’ storage at -2O”, while the GS without glycerol lost 90 % activity. We initially attempted putication using glutamate and ATP-linked afiinity media under various conditions without success. The extremely high affinity of GS for ADP noted ...
Otto F. Meyerhof - Nobel Lecture
... simple intermediate product of the decomposition of the sugar. In fact, if we bring the muscle back into the air after extended anaerobiosis, it will assimilate a certain quantity of extra oxygen, approximately equivalent to the amount previously lost. At the same time, the lactic acid disappears on ...
... simple intermediate product of the decomposition of the sugar. In fact, if we bring the muscle back into the air after extended anaerobiosis, it will assimilate a certain quantity of extra oxygen, approximately equivalent to the amount previously lost. At the same time, the lactic acid disappears on ...
Amino acids
... The body typically secretes zymogens rather than active enzymes because they can be stored and transported safely without harm to surrounding tissues, and released when conditions are favorable for optimal activity. ...
... The body typically secretes zymogens rather than active enzymes because they can be stored and transported safely without harm to surrounding tissues, and released when conditions are favorable for optimal activity. ...
Mechanistic insights into pancreatic beta
... lacking IRS-2 display increased insulin resistance in liver tissue, but beta-cells are unable to effectively compensate by insulin stimulation. In these mice, beta cell proliferation is reduced, beta-cell mass declines and the mice become diabetic [5]. Assmann et al. [6] reported that beta-cells fro ...
... lacking IRS-2 display increased insulin resistance in liver tissue, but beta-cells are unable to effectively compensate by insulin stimulation. In these mice, beta cell proliferation is reduced, beta-cell mass declines and the mice become diabetic [5]. Assmann et al. [6] reported that beta-cells fro ...
Why nature chose phosphate to modify proteins
... from 2 to 4 mM. ATP is highly soluble and relatively stable in water at physiological pH and temperatures, and yet stores significant chemical energy in both its a–b and b –g phosphate anhydride bonds, each having free energies of hydrolysis of approximately 8 –12 kcal mol21, depending on the ionic ...
... from 2 to 4 mM. ATP is highly soluble and relatively stable in water at physiological pH and temperatures, and yet stores significant chemical energy in both its a–b and b –g phosphate anhydride bonds, each having free energies of hydrolysis of approximately 8 –12 kcal mol21, depending on the ionic ...
Directions: Choose the BEST answer from among those given.
... e) choose this answer if none of these is the best choice 22)A common structural motif of proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a righthanded elongated structure that twists in regular corkscrew fashion around a central axis, and is stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding bet ...
... e) choose this answer if none of these is the best choice 22)A common structural motif of proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a righthanded elongated structure that twists in regular corkscrew fashion around a central axis, and is stabilized by internal hydrogen bonding bet ...
Cerebral Energy Metabolism in Hepatic Encephalopathy and
... chronic hyperammonemic conditions. Possible explanations for such discrepancy could relate to the fact that one study involved the addition of ammonia in vitro to isolated mitochondria, whereas the other study examined mitochondria after they had been exposed to ammonia in vivo, where nonmitochondri ...
... chronic hyperammonemic conditions. Possible explanations for such discrepancy could relate to the fact that one study involved the addition of ammonia in vitro to isolated mitochondria, whereas the other study examined mitochondria after they had been exposed to ammonia in vivo, where nonmitochondri ...
Section II: The Liver
... experience impaired bile production and flow. When this happens, the body may not be able to absorb nutrients. Liver cells also convert heme (a component of hemoglobin that is released when red blood cells are broken down) into bilirubin. When the liver is damaged, bilirubin may build up in the bloo ...
... experience impaired bile production and flow. When this happens, the body may not be able to absorb nutrients. Liver cells also convert heme (a component of hemoglobin that is released when red blood cells are broken down) into bilirubin. When the liver is damaged, bilirubin may build up in the bloo ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... metabolic functions, such as protein synthesis, that are reduced or lost during differentiation of the sieve elements (Bostwick et al. 1992). In addition, the numerous mitochondria in companion cells may supply energy as ATP to the sieve elements. There are at least three different types of companio ...
... metabolic functions, such as protein synthesis, that are reduced or lost during differentiation of the sieve elements (Bostwick et al. 1992). In addition, the numerous mitochondria in companion cells may supply energy as ATP to the sieve elements. There are at least three different types of companio ...
work № 1. colour reactions of amino acids and proteins
... Hydrolysis of protein is a process of biopolymer’s degradation with cleavage of peptide bonds through the assistance of water molecules under the action of acids, alkalis or proteases. In laboratory conditions hydrolysis of protein is used for determination of primary structure and amino acid compos ...
... Hydrolysis of protein is a process of biopolymer’s degradation with cleavage of peptide bonds through the assistance of water molecules under the action of acids, alkalis or proteases. In laboratory conditions hydrolysis of protein is used for determination of primary structure and amino acid compos ...
Activities of Enzymes Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Colon
... et al., 2003). Some metabolic characteristics of colonic epithelial cells are closely related to the digestive events in nutrition of the large intestine. Resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides and residual protein are broken down by colonic microflora to produce short-chain fatty acids. The m ...
... et al., 2003). Some metabolic characteristics of colonic epithelial cells are closely related to the digestive events in nutrition of the large intestine. Resistant starch, non-starch polysaccharides and residual protein are broken down by colonic microflora to produce short-chain fatty acids. The m ...
Glycolysis Lecture
... Welcome to the Department of Clinical Biochemistry. The aim of this course guide is to provide you with clear description of the course objectives, contents of each topic together with its lectures, tutorials and practicals, which are presented in a sequential manner. Also it states clearly what is ...
... Welcome to the Department of Clinical Biochemistry. The aim of this course guide is to provide you with clear description of the course objectives, contents of each topic together with its lectures, tutorials and practicals, which are presented in a sequential manner. Also it states clearly what is ...
... carbohydrate, protein and fat to maintain blood glucose and energy homeostasis. Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse that generates ATP or heat by using substrates derived from fat and glucose. Hepatocytes are normally rich in mitochondria and each hepatocyte contains about 800 mitochondria ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑