substrate specificities of octopine dehydrogenases
... The buffers used were: buffet A, 5 mM triethano[amine pH 5.8: buffer B, 10 mM triethanolamine pH 6.4: buffer C. 25raM imidazole pH6.0: buffer D. 25raM imidazole pH 7.2 (containing 2 mM phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride when homogenizing C. parasitica muscle): buffer E, 10 mM Tris pH 8.5: buffer F, 200 ...
... The buffers used were: buffet A, 5 mM triethano[amine pH 5.8: buffer B, 10 mM triethanolamine pH 6.4: buffer C. 25raM imidazole pH6.0: buffer D. 25raM imidazole pH 7.2 (containing 2 mM phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride when homogenizing C. parasitica muscle): buffer E, 10 mM Tris pH 8.5: buffer F, 200 ...
Enzymes of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid
... enzymes, with the possible exception of HMG-CoA reductase, the target of the family of statin inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. These enzymes had been isolated and classical enzymological and biochemical characterization had been performed prior to the evolution of experimental tools that have ...
... enzymes, with the possible exception of HMG-CoA reductase, the target of the family of statin inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. These enzymes had been isolated and classical enzymological and biochemical characterization had been performed prior to the evolution of experimental tools that have ...
Regulation of enzyme activity
... The phosphorylated form is the active form in some enzymes, while the dephosphorylated form is the active form in other enzymes. Examples of enzymes activated by phosphorylation. These are usually enzymes of degradative (breakdown) reactions e.g. 1. Glycogen phosphorylase that breaks down glycogen i ...
... The phosphorylated form is the active form in some enzymes, while the dephosphorylated form is the active form in other enzymes. Examples of enzymes activated by phosphorylation. These are usually enzymes of degradative (breakdown) reactions e.g. 1. Glycogen phosphorylase that breaks down glycogen i ...
Origin of Life
... called pyruvate and another chemical called NADH. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehdrogenase is one of the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. ...
... called pyruvate and another chemical called NADH. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehdrogenase is one of the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. ...
Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy
... fluid / juice / secretion / enzymes , released into duct ; ...
... fluid / juice / secretion / enzymes , released into duct ; ...
- Opus
... Therefore, most dietary carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, fructose and/or galactose prior to their subsequent absorption. The major intestinal absorption route of glucose involves sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), which transports glucose from the intes ...
... Therefore, most dietary carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, fructose and/or galactose prior to their subsequent absorption. The major intestinal absorption route of glucose involves sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), which transports glucose from the intes ...
Evolution of Amino Acid Metabolism Inferred through Cladistic
... In 1945 Horowitz (14) postulated that the earliest biosynthetic pathways evolved in a backward direction if life began in a rich soup of organic molecules. If primitive cells were using a particular external nutrient, soon this organic molecule would be depleted in the environment. A selective advan ...
... In 1945 Horowitz (14) postulated that the earliest biosynthetic pathways evolved in a backward direction if life began in a rich soup of organic molecules. If primitive cells were using a particular external nutrient, soon this organic molecule would be depleted in the environment. A selective advan ...
MS PowerPoint - Catalysis Eprints database
... • Ionic interactions between an enzyme-bound metal and a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ...
... • Ionic interactions between an enzyme-bound metal and a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ...
Aromatic amino acid metabolism
... phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated form of ribose phosphate. The C-1 atom of ribose 5-phosphate becomes bonded to the nitrogen atom of anthranilate in a reaction that is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The ribose moiety of ribosylanthranilate undergoes rearrangement to ...
... phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), an activated form of ribose phosphate. The C-1 atom of ribose 5-phosphate becomes bonded to the nitrogen atom of anthranilate in a reaction that is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The ribose moiety of ribosylanthranilate undergoes rearrangement to ...
Enzymes - HKEdCity
... 4. Substrate Concentration Ø At low substrate concentrations, the active sites of the enzyme molecules are not all used because there are not enough substrate molecules to occupy them all. Ø As substrate concentration is increased, more and more sites come into use. Ø When over the saturation point, ...
... 4. Substrate Concentration Ø At low substrate concentrations, the active sites of the enzyme molecules are not all used because there are not enough substrate molecules to occupy them all. Ø As substrate concentration is increased, more and more sites come into use. Ø When over the saturation point, ...
Biology 103 Lecture and Biology 103A Lab Objectives
... 9. Trace the transfer of hydrogen or hydrogen electrons (from NADH2) through the electron transport system in aerobic cellular respiration. Know this is also called the cytochrome system. Include: role of NADH2, NAD+, cytochromes role of oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor and formation of wate ...
... 9. Trace the transfer of hydrogen or hydrogen electrons (from NADH2) through the electron transport system in aerobic cellular respiration. Know this is also called the cytochrome system. Include: role of NADH2, NAD+, cytochromes role of oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor and formation of wate ...
Enzymes
... Basic unit of proteins: amino acids How amino acids are linked up: condensation reaction Link between amino acids: peptide bond Long chains of basic units: polypeptide Polypeptides are folded and its 3D shape is held together by weak bonds . • Weak bonds can be broken by heat and chemicals. The prot ...
... Basic unit of proteins: amino acids How amino acids are linked up: condensation reaction Link between amino acids: peptide bond Long chains of basic units: polypeptide Polypeptides are folded and its 3D shape is held together by weak bonds . • Weak bonds can be broken by heat and chemicals. The prot ...
Angiogenesis revisited – role and therapeutic potential of targeting
... glucose enhances endothelial cell vulnerability to hypoxia, when sufficiently high concentrations of glucose are present, glycolysis can generate as much ATP as glucose oxidation because glycolysis rapidly produces ATP (Locasale and Cantley, 2011; Mertens et al., 1990). Rapid ATP production through ...
... glucose enhances endothelial cell vulnerability to hypoxia, when sufficiently high concentrations of glucose are present, glycolysis can generate as much ATP as glucose oxidation because glycolysis rapidly produces ATP (Locasale and Cantley, 2011; Mertens et al., 1990). Rapid ATP production through ...
October 12 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... E) weak interactions form between inhibitor and enzyme. ...
... E) weak interactions form between inhibitor and enzyme. ...
6-22 Reaction centres - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... • Evolution of PSII in cyanobacteria provided mechanism for using H2O as source of e– – production of O2 as by-product changed composition of atmosphere ...
... • Evolution of PSII in cyanobacteria provided mechanism for using H2O as source of e– – production of O2 as by-product changed composition of atmosphere ...
Stimulation of glucose utilization in 3T3 adipocytes and rat
... Abstract--The long-term hypoglycemic activity of sulphonylurea drugs has been attributed, in part at least, to the stimulation of glucose utilization in extra-pancreatic tissues. The novel sulphonylurea, glimepiride, gives rise to a longer lasting reduction in the blood sugar level in dogs and rabbi ...
... Abstract--The long-term hypoglycemic activity of sulphonylurea drugs has been attributed, in part at least, to the stimulation of glucose utilization in extra-pancreatic tissues. The novel sulphonylurea, glimepiride, gives rise to a longer lasting reduction in the blood sugar level in dogs and rabbi ...
Water Soluble Vitamins
... absorbed in duodenum nicotinic acid protein bound in corn – requires alkali treatment (lime) to ...
... absorbed in duodenum nicotinic acid protein bound in corn – requires alkali treatment (lime) to ...
Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis
... and ammonia formation occurs during muscular exercise through the operation of the purine nucleotide cycle (Lowenstein, 1972; Lowenstein 8c Goodman, 1978). Diversion of some of the amino acid nitrogen towards alanine formation would serve to prevent excessive generation of potentially toxic ammonia ...
... and ammonia formation occurs during muscular exercise through the operation of the purine nucleotide cycle (Lowenstein, 1972; Lowenstein 8c Goodman, 1978). Diversion of some of the amino acid nitrogen towards alanine formation would serve to prevent excessive generation of potentially toxic ammonia ...
Sequence Specific Modeling of E. coli Cell-Free Protein
... (17, 22) and protein structures (GEM-PRO) (23, 24). These expansions have greatly increased the scope of questions these models can explore. Thus, constraint based methods are powerful tools to estimate the performance of metabolic networks with very few adjustable parameters. However, constraint ba ...
... (17, 22) and protein structures (GEM-PRO) (23, 24). These expansions have greatly increased the scope of questions these models can explore. Thus, constraint based methods are powerful tools to estimate the performance of metabolic networks with very few adjustable parameters. However, constraint ba ...
Application Project Unit 1
... 3. The dairy industry uses enzymes to breakdown lactose in milk, especially for those who suffer from lactose intolerance. 4. Lipases are also used in making cheese. 5. Enzymes are now used in the cleaning industry to remove stains. Their action allows clothes with tough stains to be cleaned at lowe ...
... 3. The dairy industry uses enzymes to breakdown lactose in milk, especially for those who suffer from lactose intolerance. 4. Lipases are also used in making cheese. 5. Enzymes are now used in the cleaning industry to remove stains. Their action allows clothes with tough stains to be cleaned at lowe ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... adipose tissue. Prolonged fasting or high fat diets inactivate the PDC in order to minimize loss of pyruvate carbon to conserve it for maintaining the blood glucose levels needed through gluconeogensis. Another important reason for inactivating the PDC is to promote the usage of fatty acids as their ...
... adipose tissue. Prolonged fasting or high fat diets inactivate the PDC in order to minimize loss of pyruvate carbon to conserve it for maintaining the blood glucose levels needed through gluconeogensis. Another important reason for inactivating the PDC is to promote the usage of fatty acids as their ...
Impact of carbon sources on growth and oxalate - The Keep
... 0.2 μm; Fisher Scientific) and the concentrations of oxalate, glucose, and supplemental carbon sources were determined using a Beckman Gold high-‐ performance liquid chromatograph fitted with a 300-‐mm Bio-‐Rad A ...
... 0.2 μm; Fisher Scientific) and the concentrations of oxalate, glucose, and supplemental carbon sources were determined using a Beckman Gold high-‐ performance liquid chromatograph fitted with a 300-‐mm Bio-‐Rad A ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Historically, Biochemistry is intimately related to Organic Chemistry, which deals with the chemical properties of compounds that make part of living matter, and to Physiology, which deals with the functions of living organisms. The terms “physiological chemistry” and “biochemistry” as equivalent co ...
... Historically, Biochemistry is intimately related to Organic Chemistry, which deals with the chemical properties of compounds that make part of living matter, and to Physiology, which deals with the functions of living organisms. The terms “physiological chemistry” and “biochemistry” as equivalent co ...
a guide-book to biochemistry
... FP or DPN or ATP in biochemical language, and wherever such abbreviations are met with it is advisable-at a first glance-to remember them and the type of process they enter into, even at the expense of forgetting exactly what they represent. As to the other device, the pattern of many reactions is m ...
... FP or DPN or ATP in biochemical language, and wherever such abbreviations are met with it is advisable-at a first glance-to remember them and the type of process they enter into, even at the expense of forgetting exactly what they represent. As to the other device, the pattern of many reactions is m ...
metabolic factors in fatigue
... Another aspect of central fatigue during prolonged exercise involves the potential interactions among the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine), cerebral tryptophan uptake, and brain serotonin levels. Tryptophan is a serotonin precursor, and cerebral tryptop ...
... Another aspect of central fatigue during prolonged exercise involves the potential interactions among the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine), cerebral tryptophan uptake, and brain serotonin levels. Tryptophan is a serotonin precursor, and cerebral tryptop ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑