acetyl CoA
... • Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) • There are three steps in cellular respiration – Glycolysis – Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. “Citric Acid Cycle”) – Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by fermentation. T ...
... • Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) • There are three steps in cellular respiration – Glycolysis – Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. “Citric Acid Cycle”) – Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by fermentation. T ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration
... – Fatsglycerol + fatty acids – Glycerolglyceraldehyd e phosphate – Fatty acidsacetyl CoA (beta oxidation) ...
... – Fatsglycerol + fatty acids – Glycerolglyceraldehyd e phosphate – Fatty acidsacetyl CoA (beta oxidation) ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucose Metabolism Oxidation of Glucose
... 1 - allosterically inhibited by high ATP level . 2 - feed-back inhibition by the product Citrate ( allosteric inhibition ) . 3 - low pH ( high H+ concentration ) due to increased Lactate . II - PFK-1 activated by : 1. AMP ( high levels ) . Advantage of having both the enzymes Hexokinase & Glucokinas ...
... 1 - allosterically inhibited by high ATP level . 2 - feed-back inhibition by the product Citrate ( allosteric inhibition ) . 3 - low pH ( high H+ concentration ) due to increased Lactate . II - PFK-1 activated by : 1. AMP ( high levels ) . Advantage of having both the enzymes Hexokinase & Glucokinas ...
KEY - chem.uwec.edu
... cancels the NADH produced and the second NADH can reduce FAD via the electron transport system (and “reverse” electron transport by NADH oxidation by NADH-Q oxidoreductase? QH2FAD). This may produce another ATP in the proton gradient formed. The end product would be succinate. 5. Some organisms ca ...
... cancels the NADH produced and the second NADH can reduce FAD via the electron transport system (and “reverse” electron transport by NADH oxidation by NADH-Q oxidoreductase? QH2FAD). This may produce another ATP in the proton gradient formed. The end product would be succinate. 5. Some organisms ca ...
CH 9 PowerPoint
... Anabolism: the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. – These reactions require energy. – Anabolism is powered by catabolism. Many anabolic processes are powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). – Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. – Thes ...
... Anabolism: the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. – These reactions require energy. – Anabolism is powered by catabolism. Many anabolic processes are powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). – Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. – Thes ...
Cellular Respiration
... – In inner mitochondrial membrane – Electrons are delivered by NADH – Electrons move down chain of proteins – H+ build up in mitochondrial intermembrane space due to movement of electrons ATP synthase is powered by H+ movement across membrane 26 ATP are produced ½ O2 + 2 H+ H2O {oxygen is fina ...
... – In inner mitochondrial membrane – Electrons are delivered by NADH – Electrons move down chain of proteins – H+ build up in mitochondrial intermembrane space due to movement of electrons ATP synthase is powered by H+ movement across membrane 26 ATP are produced ½ O2 + 2 H+ H2O {oxygen is fina ...
Sample exam 1
... 5. Which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin? a. Glucose uptake in muscle b. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in muscle c. Glycolysis in liver d. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in liver e. All of the processes listed are stimulated by insulin Essay questions: A ...
... 5. Which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin? a. Glucose uptake in muscle b. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in muscle c. Glycolysis in liver d. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in liver e. All of the processes listed are stimulated by insulin Essay questions: A ...
presentation source
... Chapter Summary Aerobic Respiration III. Thirty-six molecules ATP are produced by the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Of these, two are produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis and the remainder are produced in the mitochondria. IV. The formation of glycogen from glucose is called glyco ...
... Chapter Summary Aerobic Respiration III. Thirty-six molecules ATP are produced by the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Of these, two are produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis and the remainder are produced in the mitochondria. IV. The formation of glycogen from glucose is called glyco ...
Problem Set 5 (Due February 25th) 1. Show how glucose can be
... d. How was enzyme activity monitored? Monitoring the reduction of NAD+ to NADH spectrophotometrically – I noticed that the experimental section refers to another paper, so I apologize if this gave you a headache. e. Figure 5 has a lot of important information. i. What does this figure tell us about ...
... d. How was enzyme activity monitored? Monitoring the reduction of NAD+ to NADH spectrophotometrically – I noticed that the experimental section refers to another paper, so I apologize if this gave you a headache. e. Figure 5 has a lot of important information. i. What does this figure tell us about ...
Enduring Understanding: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
... but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
... but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1 - Indiana University
... • Maintenance of high energy bond • Acetyl CoA product is made • Lipoamide still reduced—not catalytically viable at this point ...
... • Maintenance of high energy bond • Acetyl CoA product is made • Lipoamide still reduced—not catalytically viable at this point ...
2. Glucogenic amino acids
... Pyruvate carboxylase. It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP. 2. Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) In the cytoplasm, PEPCK enzyme converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate by removing a molecule of CO2. GTP donates the phosphate. The net effect of these two reactions is the conversion ...
... Pyruvate carboxylase. It needs the co-enzymes biotin and ATP. 2. Phosphoenol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) In the cytoplasm, PEPCK enzyme converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate by removing a molecule of CO2. GTP donates the phosphate. The net effect of these two reactions is the conversion ...
Cellular Respiration notes HONORS
... – Two ATP molecules are used to break down a glucose molecule – It is split into two three carbon molecules (3Carbon; 3C) called PGAL. Enzymes rearrange the molecules – Energized electrons from the molecules are transferred to molecules of NAD+ to make NADH – A series of reactions converts the PGAL ...
... – Two ATP molecules are used to break down a glucose molecule – It is split into two three carbon molecules (3Carbon; 3C) called PGAL. Enzymes rearrange the molecules – Energized electrons from the molecules are transferred to molecules of NAD+ to make NADH – A series of reactions converts the PGAL ...
Cell Respiration--The Kreb`s Cycle
... the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle, and accounts for about two thirds of the total oxidation of carbon compounds in most cells. ...
... the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle, and accounts for about two thirds of the total oxidation of carbon compounds in most cells. ...
Microbial Metabolism
... Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 and ATP. The Electron Transport Chain A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. Energy released can be used to produce ATP by ______________________________. Respiration Aerobi ...
... Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 and ATP. The Electron Transport Chain A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. Energy released can be used to produce ATP by ______________________________. Respiration Aerobi ...
Cell Respiration Take Home Test 1. When cells break down food
... a. is released all at once. b. is released entirely as body heat into the environment. c. is temporarily stored in ATP molecules while some is released as body heat. d. causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules. 2. The process of aerobic cellular respiration a. is performed only by org ...
... a. is released all at once. b. is released entirely as body heat into the environment. c. is temporarily stored in ATP molecules while some is released as body heat. d. causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules. 2. The process of aerobic cellular respiration a. is performed only by org ...
Cell Respiration
... (proton motive force) ultimately to ATP Synthase. • Ubiquinone, Cytochrome C, NADH reductase • Use the proton motive force to make even more ATP . Many shuttle stations due to the folding of the cristae • Will use oxygen to drive the movement of hydrogen ions from carriers so we call this oxidative ...
... (proton motive force) ultimately to ATP Synthase. • Ubiquinone, Cytochrome C, NADH reductase • Use the proton motive force to make even more ATP . Many shuttle stations due to the folding of the cristae • Will use oxygen to drive the movement of hydrogen ions from carriers so we call this oxidative ...
Bioenergetics - people.emich.edu
... respiration is to produce ATP • All of the systems we study in Exercise Physiology relate to ATP production ...
... respiration is to produce ATP • All of the systems we study in Exercise Physiology relate to ATP production ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑