Cellular respiration
... Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the ...
... Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the ...
Multiple Choice
... assembling into the bilayer structure found in biological membranes but triacylglycerols are not. (i) Triacylglycerols have three fatty acyl groups in ester linkage with glycerol; they are very hydrophobic because the carboxyl groups, which are involved in the ester linkages, cannot ionize. Phosphog ...
... assembling into the bilayer structure found in biological membranes but triacylglycerols are not. (i) Triacylglycerols have three fatty acyl groups in ester linkage with glycerol; they are very hydrophobic because the carboxyl groups, which are involved in the ester linkages, cannot ionize. Phosphog ...
Bell Ringer (5 mins)
... Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them ...
... Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them ...
Topic One: Chemistry of Living Things I. All living things must
... B) Failure to maintain homeostasis results in _________or death. C) Homeostasis is often maintained using __________mechanisms. 1. Feedback mechanisms are ________in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop. D) While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term ...
... B) Failure to maintain homeostasis results in _________or death. C) Homeostasis is often maintained using __________mechanisms. 1. Feedback mechanisms are ________in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop. D) While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term ...
TABLE 3–1 Some Common Types of Enzymes
... catalyze polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA. catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to molecules. Protein kinases are an important group of kinases that attach phosphate groups to proteins. catalyze the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate group from a molecule. general na ...
... catalyze polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA. catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to molecules. Protein kinases are an important group of kinases that attach phosphate groups to proteins. catalyze the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate group from a molecule. general na ...
Cell Membrane
... 4. Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop codon that causes it to release from the ribosome and the mRNA molecule ...
... 4. Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop Peptide chain continues to grow until it hits a stop codon that causes it to release from the ribosome and the mRNA molecule ...
Ch 9 Cellular respiration
... Types of molecules that can be used for glycolysis: 1. carbohydrates: if dissaccharides, polysaccharides, first need to be hydrolyzed to glucose and other monosaccharides 2. proteins: must be hydrolyzed to amino acids, then converted by enzymes to intermediates in glycolysis and citric acid cycle ...
... Types of molecules that can be used for glycolysis: 1. carbohydrates: if dissaccharides, polysaccharides, first need to be hydrolyzed to glucose and other monosaccharides 2. proteins: must be hydrolyzed to amino acids, then converted by enzymes to intermediates in glycolysis and citric acid cycle ...
Cellular respiration 2
... (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg ...
... (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg ...
Metabolic Pathways Cell Metabolism
... Catabolic metabolic pathways, and give examples of each. The importance of reversible, irreversible and alternative pathways in the control of ...
... Catabolic metabolic pathways, and give examples of each. The importance of reversible, irreversible and alternative pathways in the control of ...
Organic Molecules
... Hydrophobic – not soluble in water Hydrophilic – soluble in water Determines the polarity of an organic molecule and the types of reactions that will occur ...
... Hydrophobic – not soluble in water Hydrophilic – soluble in water Determines the polarity of an organic molecule and the types of reactions that will occur ...
B1510F10_Exam3V1
... If pyruvate oxidation cannot occur, what types of food molecules may be metabolized to produce ATP with high efficiency? A) sugar and starch B) fatty acids C) proteins D) citric acid cycle intermediates E) all except sugar and starch ...
... If pyruvate oxidation cannot occur, what types of food molecules may be metabolized to produce ATP with high efficiency? A) sugar and starch B) fatty acids C) proteins D) citric acid cycle intermediates E) all except sugar and starch ...
LIPIDS - Biochemistry Notes
... DIGESTIVE MECHANISM FOR LIPIDS The average lipid intake is about 80g/day, of which more than 90% is triacylglycerol (TAG); the remainder consists of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids 1. In the stomach: ...
... DIGESTIVE MECHANISM FOR LIPIDS The average lipid intake is about 80g/day, of which more than 90% is triacylglycerol (TAG); the remainder consists of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids 1. In the stomach: ...
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
... It is also known as Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphiboli ...
... It is also known as Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphiboli ...
mitochondria structure
... ATP molecules can be made by one molecule of glucose run through this pathway. That is why mitochondria and oxygen are so important.We need to continou the breakdown with the Krebs cycle inside the mitochondria in orde to enough ATP to run all the cell function. ...
... ATP molecules can be made by one molecule of glucose run through this pathway. That is why mitochondria and oxygen are so important.We need to continou the breakdown with the Krebs cycle inside the mitochondria in orde to enough ATP to run all the cell function. ...
electron transport chain
... required steady state level at which the aerobic processes are fully functional • Oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumption • Anaerobic effort can be estimated by examining excess postexercise oxygen co ...
... required steady state level at which the aerobic processes are fully functional • Oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumption • Anaerobic effort can be estimated by examining excess postexercise oxygen co ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis – always occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol of the cell & produces 2 ATP’s (Four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis, but 2 molecules are consumed in activating the glucose.); glycolysis is an anaerobic process and does NOT need oxygen. All living organisms go through glycolysi ...
... Glycolysis – always occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol of the cell & produces 2 ATP’s (Four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis, but 2 molecules are consumed in activating the glucose.); glycolysis is an anaerobic process and does NOT need oxygen. All living organisms go through glycolysi ...
Topics To Know For Chapter 6
... alcoholic fermentation ? Which industries depend on this process ? - glucose - CO2 - pyruvate - ATP ( total and net ) - alcohol - substrate phosphorylation 11. Be able to describe the events of lactic acid fermentation. What kind of cells carry out lactic acid fermentation ? - skeletal muscle - oxyg ...
... alcoholic fermentation ? Which industries depend on this process ? - glucose - CO2 - pyruvate - ATP ( total and net ) - alcohol - substrate phosphorylation 11. Be able to describe the events of lactic acid fermentation. What kind of cells carry out lactic acid fermentation ? - skeletal muscle - oxyg ...
Lecture 5
... Cellular respiration can be summarized by the chemical equation: C6H12O6 + ADP + 6O2 ...
... Cellular respiration can be summarized by the chemical equation: C6H12O6 + ADP + 6O2 ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... theyy combine with oxygen yg and hydrogen y g ions to form water. − the energy released at each step of the chain is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to make ATP. ATP • The mode of ATP synthesis is called oxidative phosphorylation: ...
... theyy combine with oxygen yg and hydrogen y g ions to form water. − the energy released at each step of the chain is stored in the mitochondrion in a form that can be used to make ATP. ATP • The mode of ATP synthesis is called oxidative phosphorylation: ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑