Gene prediction
... Some codons are more common than others. Exons are usually shorter than introns. The translated region begins with a start signal and ends with a stop codon. • 5’ splice sites (exon to intron) are usually GT; • 3’ splice sites (intron to exon) are usually AG. • The distribution of nucleotides and di ...
... Some codons are more common than others. Exons are usually shorter than introns. The translated region begins with a start signal and ends with a stop codon. • 5’ splice sites (exon to intron) are usually GT; • 3’ splice sites (intron to exon) are usually AG. • The distribution of nucleotides and di ...
Notes_DNA Replication_teacher
... After it attaches each complementary nucleotide, it proofreads for mistakes. ...
... After it attaches each complementary nucleotide, it proofreads for mistakes. ...
chapter 5 the structure and function of macromolecules
... 2. An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers • Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules. – These molecules vary among cells of the same individual, even more among unrelated individuals of a species, and are even greater between species. • This diversity co ...
... 2. An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers • Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules. – These molecules vary among cells of the same individual, even more among unrelated individuals of a species, and are even greater between species. • This diversity co ...
Chemical organization of cells. Macromolecules
... repeats – a region of dyad symmetry (fig. 16). In a double-strand DNA, the complementary sequences on one strand have the opportunity to base pair only if the strand separates from its partner. As a result a hairpin could be formed. The formation of two apposed hairpins creates a cruciform. Palindro ...
... repeats – a region of dyad symmetry (fig. 16). In a double-strand DNA, the complementary sequences on one strand have the opportunity to base pair only if the strand separates from its partner. As a result a hairpin could be formed. The formation of two apposed hairpins creates a cruciform. Palindro ...
Mitochondrial Genome Evolution
... Gray MW, Burger G, Lang BF (1999) “Mitochondrial evolution” Science 283: 1476-1481 Leblanc C, Richard O, Kloareg B et al. (1997) “Origin and evolution of mitochondria: what have we learnt from red algae?” Current Genetics 31: 193-207 Lang BF, Gray MW, Burger G (1999) “Mitochondrial genome evolution ...
... Gray MW, Burger G, Lang BF (1999) “Mitochondrial evolution” Science 283: 1476-1481 Leblanc C, Richard O, Kloareg B et al. (1997) “Origin and evolution of mitochondria: what have we learnt from red algae?” Current Genetics 31: 193-207 Lang BF, Gray MW, Burger G (1999) “Mitochondrial genome evolution ...
5)qualitative_tests_of_proteins
... 2- Secondary structure: is the specific geometric shape caused by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of amide groups. Some combinations of amino acids will tend to form: Alpha Helix: In the alpha helix, the polypeptide chain is coiled tightly in the fashion of a spring. The "backbone ...
... 2- Secondary structure: is the specific geometric shape caused by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of amide groups. Some combinations of amino acids will tend to form: Alpha Helix: In the alpha helix, the polypeptide chain is coiled tightly in the fashion of a spring. The "backbone ...
Lecture on PROTEIN FOLDING
... Proteins are very rickety; their shape is easily distorted. Mother Nature uses this to control enzymes (bind something to an enzyme, and distort the enzyme, turn it off or on) Proteins are rickety because their 3-D shape is largely due to weak bonds (not strong covalent bonds) Biomolecules/drugs bin ...
... Proteins are very rickety; their shape is easily distorted. Mother Nature uses this to control enzymes (bind something to an enzyme, and distort the enzyme, turn it off or on) Proteins are rickety because their 3-D shape is largely due to weak bonds (not strong covalent bonds) Biomolecules/drugs bin ...
PASS Leader Info
... 46. A transcription unit that is 8000 nucleotides long may use 1800 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of 600 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that: 1) There are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA. 2) There is redundancy and ambiguity in the genetic code. 3) Many nucle ...
... 46. A transcription unit that is 8000 nucleotides long may use 1800 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of 600 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that: 1) There are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA. 2) There is redundancy and ambiguity in the genetic code. 3) Many nucle ...
The biomolecules of terrestrial life
... A water molecule is released when a peptide bond is broken ...
... A water molecule is released when a peptide bond is broken ...
structural organization
... Held together by H bonds. Each amino acid is spatially related to its neighbour in the same way, is the Secondary Structure of Protein. It may take any form either α-Helix or β ...
... Held together by H bonds. Each amino acid is spatially related to its neighbour in the same way, is the Secondary Structure of Protein. It may take any form either α-Helix or β ...
Lecture 3
... Held together by H bonds. Each amino acid is spatially related to its neighbour in the same way, is the Secondary Structure of Protein. It may take any form either α-Helix or β ...
... Held together by H bonds. Each amino acid is spatially related to its neighbour in the same way, is the Secondary Structure of Protein. It may take any form either α-Helix or β ...
Mutation Activity - Northwest ISD Moodle
... known as DNA. The bases pair very specifically (A only with T and C only with G) so that when the DNA molecule replicates every cell has an exact copy of the DNA strand. The order of the bases in a DNA molecule is the key to the genetic code of an individual. Every three bases are known as a codon a ...
... known as DNA. The bases pair very specifically (A only with T and C only with G) so that when the DNA molecule replicates every cell has an exact copy of the DNA strand. The order of the bases in a DNA molecule is the key to the genetic code of an individual. Every three bases are known as a codon a ...
blueprint_of_life_-_core_module_2_-_notes_ - HSC Guru
... to the original double stranded DNA molecule. The two DNA molecules that are produced contain one old strand from the original molecule and one new synthesised strand and the genetic instructions they carry are precisely copied. Where does DNA replication occur? DNA replication must occur before mit ...
... to the original double stranded DNA molecule. The two DNA molecules that are produced contain one old strand from the original molecule and one new synthesised strand and the genetic instructions they carry are precisely copied. Where does DNA replication occur? DNA replication must occur before mit ...
Unique Protein Reporter Assays: Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP
... Single and Dual Luciferase assays, using Purple Cypridina, Blue Gaussia, Green Renilla and Red Firefly Luciferases The Gaussia, Gaussia-Dura (a mutant form of the Gaussia luciferase gene that confers better bioluminescent signal stability than native luciferase) and Cypridina luciferase proteins ar ...
... Single and Dual Luciferase assays, using Purple Cypridina, Blue Gaussia, Green Renilla and Red Firefly Luciferases The Gaussia, Gaussia-Dura (a mutant form of the Gaussia luciferase gene that confers better bioluminescent signal stability than native luciferase) and Cypridina luciferase proteins ar ...
Microarray Protocol
... organizes the collection process and keeps records, while two harvest tissues. The procedure is done as follows: a) Confirm all animal ID #s with transponder reader and record on tissue harvest pool tracking form (see example on page 6) b) Place a conscious, non-anesthetized rat into a plastic restr ...
... organizes the collection process and keeps records, while two harvest tissues. The procedure is done as follows: a) Confirm all animal ID #s with transponder reader and record on tissue harvest pool tracking form (see example on page 6) b) Place a conscious, non-anesthetized rat into a plastic restr ...
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE TOPIC 4: Evolution of new genes and
... maintain transparency and diffraction in the eye lens (a structural role) whereas the LDH-B protein functions as a lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (a catalytic role). These two highly divergent proteins are encoded by the same gene sequence. Thus these proteins are subject to two different, conflicting ...
... maintain transparency and diffraction in the eye lens (a structural role) whereas the LDH-B protein functions as a lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (a catalytic role). These two highly divergent proteins are encoded by the same gene sequence. Thus these proteins are subject to two different, conflicting ...
TRANSGENESE - univ
... some germ cells that have incorporated the transgene; some of their progeny will carry the transgene in all somatic and germ-line cells, giving rise to pure transgenic lines. • Individuals carrying the transgene are recognized by expression of a marker gene (white+) that is present on the donor DNA. ...
... some germ cells that have incorporated the transgene; some of their progeny will carry the transgene in all somatic and germ-line cells, giving rise to pure transgenic lines. • Individuals carrying the transgene are recognized by expression of a marker gene (white+) that is present on the donor DNA. ...
Microbial diversity
... Sequencing of nucleic acid only way to provide direct comparison of genes/genomes Sequence of 16 S rRNA gene often used to compare organisms 16 S rRNA gene amplified by PCR PCR product sequenced and sequence compared with that of known organism New development: comparative genomics ...
... Sequencing of nucleic acid only way to provide direct comparison of genes/genomes Sequence of 16 S rRNA gene often used to compare organisms 16 S rRNA gene amplified by PCR PCR product sequenced and sequence compared with that of known organism New development: comparative genomics ...
biology-1-study
... Calvin cycle (the dark reactions), input (CO2, ATP, NAADPH) and out put (3 carbon sugar) Chapter 8 Hershey Chase experiment showing that DNA (not protein) was the genetic material DNA structure - double helix, antiparallel, discoverers nucleotides in DNA (A, C, G,T) and RNA (A, C, G, U) nucleotide p ...
... Calvin cycle (the dark reactions), input (CO2, ATP, NAADPH) and out put (3 carbon sugar) Chapter 8 Hershey Chase experiment showing that DNA (not protein) was the genetic material DNA structure - double helix, antiparallel, discoverers nucleotides in DNA (A, C, G,T) and RNA (A, C, G, U) nucleotide p ...
Protein catabolism in metabolic acidosis: inhibition of glycolysis by
... can be oxidised by the mitochondria [El, with consequent conversion of the excess pyruvate to lactate. This "aerobic glycolysis" occurs in L6 (Table 1 1 , as there is nearquantitative conversion of glucose to lactate. Oxidation of glucose seems therefore to be only a minor contributor to energy meta ...
... can be oxidised by the mitochondria [El, with consequent conversion of the excess pyruvate to lactate. This "aerobic glycolysis" occurs in L6 (Table 1 1 , as there is nearquantitative conversion of glucose to lactate. Oxidation of glucose seems therefore to be only a minor contributor to energy meta ...
Document
... mRNA and 16SrRNA interaction. There is SD sequence ( RBS , ribosome binding site ) 8-13 nt upstream of the initiation codon in prokaryotic mRNA which base-pairs with a complementary sequence near the 3’ end of 16SrRNA. ...
... mRNA and 16SrRNA interaction. There is SD sequence ( RBS , ribosome binding site ) 8-13 nt upstream of the initiation codon in prokaryotic mRNA which base-pairs with a complementary sequence near the 3’ end of 16SrRNA. ...
No Slide Title
... Problem 15.5 Consider a hypothetical regulatory scheme in which citrulline induces the production of urea cycle enzymes. Four genes (citA, citB, citC, citD) affecting the activity or regulation of the enzymes were analyzed by assaying the wild-type and mutant strains for argininosuccinate lyase act ...
... Problem 15.5 Consider a hypothetical regulatory scheme in which citrulline induces the production of urea cycle enzymes. Four genes (citA, citB, citC, citD) affecting the activity or regulation of the enzymes were analyzed by assaying the wild-type and mutant strains for argininosuccinate lyase act ...
MND Australia International Research Update
... top tier of what is essentially the RBP hierarchy. This group went further to test the effect of mutated forms of TDP-43 on production of its RNA targets, and found that mutant TDP-43 proteins were still able to maintain their RNA-regulating activity. What this indicates is that the levels of TDP-43 ...
... top tier of what is essentially the RBP hierarchy. This group went further to test the effect of mutated forms of TDP-43 on production of its RNA targets, and found that mutant TDP-43 proteins were still able to maintain their RNA-regulating activity. What this indicates is that the levels of TDP-43 ...
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. The genetic code stored in DNA is ""interpreted"" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's shape, or that act as enzymes catalysing specific metabolic pathways characterising the organism.