Iceland`s Climate Change Strategy - Ministry for the Environment
... use of fossil fuels in favour of renewable energy sources and climate-friendly fuels. Projections by the Environment and Food Agency indicate that, during the period 2008-2012, Iceland will achieve its Kyoto emission limitation commitment, of not increasing its GHG emissions by more than 10% above 1 ...
... use of fossil fuels in favour of renewable energy sources and climate-friendly fuels. Projections by the Environment and Food Agency indicate that, during the period 2008-2012, Iceland will achieve its Kyoto emission limitation commitment, of not increasing its GHG emissions by more than 10% above 1 ...
approach and technical work - Parliamentary Monitoring Group
... The group produces similar products using similar processes; and/or The group carries out similar activities; and/or The group’s carbon footprint make-up is similar for each entity The group shares similar carbon mitigation opportunities and/or constraints; and/or The group is organised and can work ...
... The group produces similar products using similar processes; and/or The group carries out similar activities; and/or The group’s carbon footprint make-up is similar for each entity The group shares similar carbon mitigation opportunities and/or constraints; and/or The group is organised and can work ...
The Economics of Global Climate Change
... past 50 years. Rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes. - American Geophysical Union, 2013. The atmosphere is a global commons into which individuals and firms can release pollution. Global pollution creates a “public bad” born by all -- a negative externality with a wide ...
... past 50 years. Rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes. - American Geophysical Union, 2013. The atmosphere is a global commons into which individuals and firms can release pollution. Global pollution creates a “public bad” born by all -- a negative externality with a wide ...
FREE MARKETS, PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
... enable different groups of people to live together, respecting one another’s right to pursue their own way of life. These procedures must be neutral or impartial with respect to each particular social group or way of life. Some liberal theorists saw an affinity between the neutral state and the free ...
... enable different groups of people to live together, respecting one another’s right to pursue their own way of life. These procedures must be neutral or impartial with respect to each particular social group or way of life. Some liberal theorists saw an affinity between the neutral state and the free ...
2010 - Policy Considerations for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
... IPCC, which will include a section on hydropower and its environmental and social impacts and is expected to be finalised by the end of 2010 (IPCC, 2008). The paper by St Louis et al. (2000) marked the beginning of calls to include reservoir GHG emissions in policy frameworks. They concluded that du ...
... IPCC, which will include a section on hydropower and its environmental and social impacts and is expected to be finalised by the end of 2010 (IPCC, 2008). The paper by St Louis et al. (2000) marked the beginning of calls to include reservoir GHG emissions in policy frameworks. They concluded that du ...
Climate debt: A primer
... Proposals by developing countries offer a number of concepts that reflect principles of historical responsibility, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. These proposals provide the basis of a fair and equitable agreed outcome in Copenhagen, and should be ...
... Proposals by developing countries offer a number of concepts that reflect principles of historical responsibility, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. These proposals provide the basis of a fair and equitable agreed outcome in Copenhagen, and should be ...
Document
... stabilize CO2 concentrations. The size of this gap depends on the CO2 stabilization concentration and the degree to which advanced energy technologies—both supply and energy efficiency—are assumed to have already displaced carbon-emitting energy technologies. A wide array of scenarios have been deve ...
... stabilize CO2 concentrations. The size of this gap depends on the CO2 stabilization concentration and the degree to which advanced energy technologies—both supply and energy efficiency—are assumed to have already displaced carbon-emitting energy technologies. A wide array of scenarios have been deve ...
Averchenkova, Stern and Zenghelis policy paper December 2014 (opens in new window)
... a starting point, and then apply various sets of distributive justice criteria to determine the relative levels of effort required by individual countries. The key attraction of such approaches is that they provide certainty about the overall collective level of mitigation effort. There is no single ...
... a starting point, and then apply various sets of distributive justice criteria to determine the relative levels of effort required by individual countries. The key attraction of such approaches is that they provide certainty about the overall collective level of mitigation effort. There is no single ...
What is a “covered entity?” - Texas Association of Environmental
... Source: Energy Information Administration, Energy Market and Economic Impacts of S. 2191, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2007 (April 2008); Brian Murray & Martin Ross, The Lieberman-Warner America’s Climate Security Act: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential Economic Impacts; Nichols I ...
... Source: Energy Information Administration, Energy Market and Economic Impacts of S. 2191, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2007 (April 2008); Brian Murray & Martin Ross, The Lieberman-Warner America’s Climate Security Act: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential Economic Impacts; Nichols I ...
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection`s Action
... Commonwealth will adopt to meet the goal of a 25 percent reduction of GHG emissions by 2020.13 The CECP includes policies, programs and regulations that will reduce GHG emissions from all sectors of GHG emissions: electricity generation, commercial, industrial, manufacturing, residential and transpo ...
... Commonwealth will adopt to meet the goal of a 25 percent reduction of GHG emissions by 2020.13 The CECP includes policies, programs and regulations that will reduce GHG emissions from all sectors of GHG emissions: electricity generation, commercial, industrial, manufacturing, residential and transpo ...
M09P01Globalization
... Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) CDM is a mechanism to ensure that Annex I countries can meet their emission reduction target in a cost effective way by financing GHG emission reduction in developing countries. If an Annex I country finance an emission reduction project in a Non-Annex I country, t ...
... Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) CDM is a mechanism to ensure that Annex I countries can meet their emission reduction target in a cost effective way by financing GHG emission reduction in developing countries. If an Annex I country finance an emission reduction project in a Non-Annex I country, t ...
The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate
... Montreal Protocol. The scenario starts in 1975 (Figs. 1 and 2) by increasing CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the baseline scenario with a 3–7% range of annual growth rates. The difference above the baseline scenario becomes substantial quickly with a 7% annual growth rate causing a doubling in a decade. The 7% ...
... Montreal Protocol. The scenario starts in 1975 (Figs. 1 and 2) by increasing CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the baseline scenario with a 3–7% range of annual growth rates. The difference above the baseline scenario becomes substantial quickly with a 7% annual growth rate causing a doubling in a decade. The 7% ...
9 Towards global agreemenT Key points
... in place to support national action. The most important of these will be international trading of emissions entitlements and public funding for technological development and adaptation. These two areas are covered by the Kyoto Protocol, which takes as its starting point the global stabilisation goa ...
... in place to support national action. The most important of these will be international trading of emissions entitlements and public funding for technological development and adaptation. These two areas are covered by the Kyoto Protocol, which takes as its starting point the global stabilisation goa ...
Climate Stabilization at 2°C and Net Zero Carbon Emissions
... Abstract: The goal to stabilize global average surface temperature at lower than 2°C above pre-industrial level has been extensively discussed in climate negotiations. A number of publications state that achieving this goal will require net anthropogenic carbon emissions (defined as anthropogenic em ...
... Abstract: The goal to stabilize global average surface temperature at lower than 2°C above pre-industrial level has been extensively discussed in climate negotiations. A number of publications state that achieving this goal will require net anthropogenic carbon emissions (defined as anthropogenic em ...
A Kantian approach to sustainable development indicators for
... Driving forces - Pressures -States - Impacts - Responses (DPSIR), while the other strand is called the capital approach. ...
... Driving forces - Pressures -States - Impacts - Responses (DPSIR), while the other strand is called the capital approach. ...
PDF
... To visualize the mitigation challenge, we explore the issue of global peaking of CO2 emissions in light of the 2°C mitigation goal. The aim is to give the reader a sense of the stringency of mitigation actions required to reach the 2°C target depending on the peaking year, and to compare with histor ...
... To visualize the mitigation challenge, we explore the issue of global peaking of CO2 emissions in light of the 2°C mitigation goal. The aim is to give the reader a sense of the stringency of mitigation actions required to reach the 2°C target depending on the peaking year, and to compare with histor ...
Airport expansion doesn`t make climate sense
... GREEN PARTY | Airport expansion doesn’t make climate sense ...
... GREEN PARTY | Airport expansion doesn’t make climate sense ...
2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas - ipcc
... No “Tier 1” Methods available for storage – this must be based on site specific evaluation There are demonstration projects but no wide scale use of CCS. Some technologies are well known Use of CO2 pipelines and associated equipment Modelling and investigation of oil and gas fields WMO ...
... No “Tier 1” Methods available for storage – this must be based on site specific evaluation There are demonstration projects but no wide scale use of CCS. Some technologies are well known Use of CO2 pipelines and associated equipment Modelling and investigation of oil and gas fields WMO ...
Low Carbon Capital - Wellington City Council
... sense economically as well as environmentally. As such climate change policy shouldn’t exist in a vacuum siloed away from all other areas of Council policy. There are also many actions that might only result in small reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but that have many other co-benefits which ...
... sense economically as well as environmentally. As such climate change policy shouldn’t exist in a vacuum siloed away from all other areas of Council policy. There are also many actions that might only result in small reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but that have many other co-benefits which ...
PDF
... global warming potential and price of carbon dioxideequivalent. The methane emission estimate used for this analysis is the average methane emission from Indian rice paddies in kg per hectare (CH4 kg/ha) taken from Bhatia et al. (2013). The concept of emission taxation requires a scale, which is ade ...
... global warming potential and price of carbon dioxideequivalent. The methane emission estimate used for this analysis is the average methane emission from Indian rice paddies in kg per hectare (CH4 kg/ha) taken from Bhatia et al. (2013). The concept of emission taxation requires a scale, which is ade ...
Essentials of a Carbon Tax for Canada
... from climate change global emissions need to start dropping as quickly as possible — within this decade at the latest. Therefore, addressing climate change will be one of the key legislative and economic challenges facing Canadian governments for the foreseeable future. Several studies have shown th ...
... from climate change global emissions need to start dropping as quickly as possible — within this decade at the latest. Therefore, addressing climate change will be one of the key legislative and economic challenges facing Canadian governments for the foreseeable future. Several studies have shown th ...
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
... First of all, I'd like to thank the organiser, particularly Jonathan, for setting up this important panel discussion and allowing me to discuss before you about one of the heated topics in the realm of climate change negotiation as well as the nexus of climate change and development, which is REDD+ ...
... First of all, I'd like to thank the organiser, particularly Jonathan, for setting up this important panel discussion and allowing me to discuss before you about one of the heated topics in the realm of climate change negotiation as well as the nexus of climate change and development, which is REDD+ ...
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... addresses GHG emissions, a number of states (and local governments, whose activities are not covered in this report8) have taken action in this arena. States’ efforts cover a wide spectrum, from developing climate action plans to setting mandatory GHG emission standards. Arguably, early state action ...
... addresses GHG emissions, a number of states (and local governments, whose activities are not covered in this report8) have taken action in this arena. States’ efforts cover a wide spectrum, from developing climate action plans to setting mandatory GHG emission standards. Arguably, early state action ...
DOC - Europa
... The proposal to enable CCS will not impose additional costs over and above those required to meet the 20% greenhouse gas reduction target. Once CCS is mature, it will be for individual operators to decide whether to release emissions and pay ETS allowances to cover them or use CCS to reduce their em ...
... The proposal to enable CCS will not impose additional costs over and above those required to meet the 20% greenhouse gas reduction target. Once CCS is mature, it will be for individual operators to decide whether to release emissions and pay ETS allowances to cover them or use CCS to reduce their em ...
Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on Stabilization of Carbon
... 450±10 ppmv in 2150 and 2200. We do not consider “overshoot” scenarios in this analysis based on the precautionary principle. Such scenarios would first result in concentrations well above the desired stabilization level and later approach it asymptotically from above. Some analysis suggest that the ...
... 450±10 ppmv in 2150 and 2200. We do not consider “overshoot” scenarios in this analysis based on the precautionary principle. Such scenarios would first result in concentrations well above the desired stabilization level and later approach it asymptotically from above. Some analysis suggest that the ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.