Two hundred fifty years of aerosols and climate: the end of the age
... the net radiative forcing from aerosols is negative, resulting in a net cooling impact. This negative forcing has “masked” some of the positive forcing from greenhouse gases (Wigley, 1989; Charlson et al., 1991; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993; Taylor and Penner, 1994). As found by historical pattern-match ...
... the net radiative forcing from aerosols is negative, resulting in a net cooling impact. This negative forcing has “masked” some of the positive forcing from greenhouse gases (Wigley, 1989; Charlson et al., 1991; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993; Taylor and Penner, 1994). As found by historical pattern-match ...
Module: Introduction
... i) Climate Change influence on business strategy: The influence has evolved from focusing on cost reduction, to reputation improvement, to creating new revenue streams as Sprint has matured in its understanding of the benefits of CR. This process was well-defined and understood until the 4th quarte ...
... i) Climate Change influence on business strategy: The influence has evolved from focusing on cost reduction, to reputation improvement, to creating new revenue streams as Sprint has matured in its understanding of the benefits of CR. This process was well-defined and understood until the 4th quarte ...
The Impact of International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction
... with the global climate change issues. For more on the model code, see web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/MERGE. MERGE consists of four major parts: (1) economic model, (2) energy model, (3) climate model, and (4) climate change impact (damage) model. In the MERGE model, Indonesia is included o ...
... with the global climate change issues. For more on the model code, see web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/MERGE. MERGE consists of four major parts: (1) economic model, (2) energy model, (3) climate model, and (4) climate change impact (damage) model. In the MERGE model, Indonesia is included o ...
recent study
... are factory-made gases that were once necessary to replace ozone-depleting substances, but today are no longer needed in most sectors, including air conditioning, refrigeration, and foam insulation. At least 95 countries have indicated their support for proposals to amend the Montreal Protocol to ph ...
... are factory-made gases that were once necessary to replace ozone-depleting substances, but today are no longer needed in most sectors, including air conditioning, refrigeration, and foam insulation. At least 95 countries have indicated their support for proposals to amend the Montreal Protocol to ph ...
Long term requirement for forestry and climate change
... changes in its national development priorities or to be able to respond to changes in commodity prices, land tenure, or social conditions. A second problem is that a forest protected one year (over a baseline scenario) may easily be degraded the following year. Consequently, emission reductions in l ...
... changes in its national development priorities or to be able to respond to changes in commodity prices, land tenure, or social conditions. A second problem is that a forest protected one year (over a baseline scenario) may easily be degraded the following year. Consequently, emission reductions in l ...
Setting Australia`s post-2020 target for reducing greenhouse gas
... The overall design of Australia’s 2030 target policy framework will be considered in detail in 2017-2018, before the end of the current commitment period in 2020. At that time, lessons from implementation of the Emissions Reduction Fund will be available. In the interim, the Government will consult ...
... The overall design of Australia’s 2030 target policy framework will be considered in detail in 2017-2018, before the end of the current commitment period in 2020. At that time, lessons from implementation of the Emissions Reduction Fund will be available. In the interim, the Government will consult ...
Abatement vs. Adaptation and the Prospects for International
... no country abates, and in the first-best solution, every country abates and no country adapts. He then examines the treaty equilibria in a game where countries first choose whether or not to participate in an abatement treaty, and then choose whether or not to adapt individually. He shows that the a ...
... no country abates, and in the first-best solution, every country abates and no country adapts. He then examines the treaty equilibria in a game where countries first choose whether or not to participate in an abatement treaty, and then choose whether or not to adapt individually. He shows that the a ...
Short-Lived Climate Pollution
... Climate Action Plan (White House 2013). To some extent, the interest in SLCP mitigation arises from frustration over the world’s evident inability to come to grips with the problem of CO2 emissions, which are universally agreed to be the primary threat to the climate, even among supporters of SLCP m ...
... Climate Action Plan (White House 2013). To some extent, the interest in SLCP mitigation arises from frustration over the world’s evident inability to come to grips with the problem of CO2 emissions, which are universally agreed to be the primary threat to the climate, even among supporters of SLCP m ...
ligums_anglu_val
... outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of double counting, consistent with guidance adopted by the Confe ...
... outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of double counting, consistent with guidance adopted by the Confe ...
A Question of Balance - Yale Economics
... signals—such as greater high-latitude warming—that are distinguishing indicators of this particular type of warming. Recent evidence and model predictions suggest that global mean surface temperature will rise sharply in the next century and beyond. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report ...
... signals—such as greater high-latitude warming—that are distinguishing indicators of this particular type of warming. Recent evidence and model predictions suggest that global mean surface temperature will rise sharply in the next century and beyond. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report ...
Working paper: Preference Attainment: Why are some Countries
... ideas about how strategic behavior may influence negotiation positions (Frieden, 1999; Moravcsik, 1997; Putnam, 1988). For the climate change case, Bailer and Weiler (2011) empirically show that strategic considerations do indeed influence negotiation positions in the climate change case. Unfortunat ...
... ideas about how strategic behavior may influence negotiation positions (Frieden, 1999; Moravcsik, 1997; Putnam, 1988). For the climate change case, Bailer and Weiler (2011) empirically show that strategic considerations do indeed influence negotiation positions in the climate change case. Unfortunat ...
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage – What, Why, Where, and Texas’s role
... 2005 CDM Executive Board (EB) considers two new CCS methodologies 2005 CMP1 Montreal § referred to SBSTA 2006 SBSTA Technical workshops - Consideration of technical and policy issues – project boundary, leakage, permanence On agenda of each SBSTA meeting 2007 and 2008 Submissions from Parties and NG ...
... 2005 CDM Executive Board (EB) considers two new CCS methodologies 2005 CMP1 Montreal § referred to SBSTA 2006 SBSTA Technical workshops - Consideration of technical and policy issues – project boundary, leakage, permanence On agenda of each SBSTA meeting 2007 and 2008 Submissions from Parties and NG ...
Cambodia`s first national communication
... Climate. Cambodia's climate is governed by monsoon and characterized by two major seasons: rainy season from May to early October and dry season from November to April. The annual average temperature is 28oC, with a maximum average of 38oC in April, and a minimum average of 17oC in January. The coun ...
... Climate. Cambodia's climate is governed by monsoon and characterized by two major seasons: rainy season from May to early October and dry season from November to April. The annual average temperature is 28oC, with a maximum average of 38oC in April, and a minimum average of 17oC in January. The coun ...
decision 3/CP.19
... Further advancing the Durban Platform The Conference of the Parties, Expressing serious concern that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia, as indicated by the findings contained in the contribut ...
... Further advancing the Durban Platform The Conference of the Parties, Expressing serious concern that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia, as indicated by the findings contained in the contribut ...
HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer
... humanity a significant level of climate change—perhaps buying back to date manyyears-worth of greenhouse gas emissions or avoided annual emissions, between 1988 and 2010 equal to about 8 Gt of CO2 equivalent. This is because the original ozone-depleting substances, which the Montreal Protocol is pha ...
... humanity a significant level of climate change—perhaps buying back to date manyyears-worth of greenhouse gas emissions or avoided annual emissions, between 1988 and 2010 equal to about 8 Gt of CO2 equivalent. This is because the original ozone-depleting substances, which the Montreal Protocol is pha ...
Cooling Agents
... Rising levels of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are affecting the stability of the climate. Warming of the climate system is now unequivocal, evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea levels. Most of the o ...
... Rising levels of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are affecting the stability of the climate. Warming of the climate system is now unequivocal, evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea levels. Most of the o ...
Intended nationally determined contributions: what are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions in 2030? (opens in new window)
... calculated that 36 GtCO2e in 2030 was a median value for these pathways, without assuming significant amounts of ‘negative emissions’ through, for instance, the utilisation of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS), or 42 GtCO2e when that assumption is made. The results of our analysis ar ...
... calculated that 36 GtCO2e in 2030 was a median value for these pathways, without assuming significant amounts of ‘negative emissions’ through, for instance, the utilisation of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS), or 42 GtCO2e when that assumption is made. The results of our analysis ar ...
Canada`s Emissions Trends 2013
... climate change can be caused by both natural processes and human activities, scientific studies have shown that recent warming can be largely attributed to human activity, primarily the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The potential impacts of climate change an ...
... climate change can be caused by both natural processes and human activities, scientific studies have shown that recent warming can be largely attributed to human activity, primarily the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The potential impacts of climate change an ...
Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty
... involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of doub ...
... involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of doub ...
ADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT
... that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of ...
... that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure, inter alia, the avoidance of ...
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December, 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to ""a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"" (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States (which has not ratified the Protocol). As of July 2015, 36 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states.Negotiations were held in Lima in 2014 to agree on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. China, India, and the United States have all signaled that they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally to reduce CO2 emissions.