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TEM simulated monthly net methane emissions
TEM simulated monthly net methane emissions

... future climate is another source of uncertainty for estimates of future CH4 exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. This climate uncertainty among estimates from global climate models is largely the result of different assumptions about effective climate sensitivity of the earth ...
Is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change an
Is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change an

... impacts will require some degree of cooperation and coordination at the international level, and the institutions created to that purpose will need to be critically assessed to ensure their effectiveness, yet his process has only just begun to emerge in the literature on global climate governance (T ...
Norway`s Fifth National Communication under the Framework
Norway`s Fifth National Communication under the Framework

... Norway’s climate policy is founded on the objective of the Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol and the scientific understanding of the greenhouse effect set out in the reports from IPCC. Climate change and emissions of greenhouse gases have been a concern of Norwegian policy since th ...
What to include in INDCs - Low Emission Capacity Building
What to include in INDCs - Low Emission Capacity Building

... This presentation report was prepared by NewClimate Institute on behalf of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Development Project (UNDP), under the project Experiences and lessons learned in the preparation of INDCs. The contents express the vi ...
Land Use and Driving - Urban Land Institute
Land Use and Driving - Urban Land Institute

... and metropolitan population of the United States climbs, the pressure is on to make overall emissions move in the other direction—down. The transportation sector is a good place to start in the battle against greenhouse gas emissions. It represents about one-third of overall GHG emissions in the Uni ...
Climate Change Mitigation and the Clean Development
Climate Change Mitigation and the Clean Development

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4. Financial transfers and adaptation in the South

... In period 0 each region chooses the amount it wishes to invest in mitigation technology mj and adaptation technology aj. The benefit of adaptation is reduced impacts from climate change in period 1. We assume that climate change damage in country j, Dj, is a constant share of output, and that a frac ...
CDP Cities 2016 Guidance for responding city governments Version
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... can only make changes to the facilities and operations under their direct control. As such, separate but parallel inventories are needed. As a responding city you have the opportunity to report one, both or neither of these emissions inventories depending on the data they have available. The informa ...
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Development Aid and Climate Finance: Working Paper 123 (397 kB) (opens in new window)

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The Emissions Gap Report 2016

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Publisher version

... process in Bali to enhance implementation of the Convention. A key outcome of this process was recognition by Parties ‘that deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan ...
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Thesis Statement

... Limiting anthropogenic climate change over the next century will require controlling multiple substances. The Kyoto Protocol structure constrains the major greenhouse gases and allows trading among them, but there exist other possible regime architectures which may be more efficient. Tradeoffs betwe ...
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UK`s Second Biennial Report

... UK when reporting more generally against the UNFCCC where the base year for all GHGs is 1990. The UK also uses the inventory to track progress against legally binding domestic targets, which are further discussed in Chapter 2. Under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol first commitment period2 the UK’s ...
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First National Communication to UNFCCC

... One of emerging environmental problems is global climate change due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that intensify greenhouse effect and lead to the rise of global temperature. As a result, polar and mountain glaciers retreat, sea level raise, precipitation pattern ...
Auditing the Government Response to Climate Change: Guidance
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... is needed to adapt to present and expected future changes. Historically, human caused GHG emissions have been directly related to our economic growth and welfare, along with extensive use of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is challenging to reduce the GHG emissions. The negative impacts of climate chang ...
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... governance structures and procedures are not so obvious. Furthermore, their more limited experience in the international arena often leaves them less able to identify where their long-term interests lie in negotiations over the form and function of these international institutions. Their ability to ...
The gARNAUT ReVIeW 2011 - Garnaut Climate Change Review
The gARNAUT ReVIeW 2011 - Garnaut Climate Change Review

... and that the changes in the physical world are likely, if anything, to be more harmful than the earlier science had suggested. This has led me to shift my judgment about the reputable science from being right ‘on a balance of probabilities’ to ‘beyond reasonable doubt’. Chapter 2 focuses on likely a ...
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Global Sources and Pathways of Mercury in the Context of Human

... human health [9,25,26], and economic consequences [27,28]. Furthermore, the potential for climate change to affect the environmental transport of mercury and its consequent risks to human health, has gained increased attention during recent years [26,29–31]. The major conclusion drawn from the afore ...
Transportation Cost Analysis - Air Pollution Costs
Transportation Cost Analysis - Air Pollution Costs

... cost (actual damages) and risk (possibility of future damages).11 For example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which consists of hundreds of scientists, concluded, “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ...
Technical note on science- based targets
Technical note on science- based targets

... Through the initiative, these organizations conduct a comprehensive quality assessment of the targets and provide multiple opportunities of showcasing for approved targets. 2.2.2. Sectors that are currently unable to be validated by the SBTi The Science Based Targets initiative cannot review targets ...
National Climate Change Action Plan
National Climate Change Action Plan

... possible that there will be a significant reduction in biodiversity, with certain species becoming extinct in many parts of tropical Latin America. Productivity of some important crops and of livestock is projected to decrease, with adverse consequences for food security. Meanwhile, changes in preci ...
Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century
Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century

... Aviation emissions contribute to the radiative forcing (RF) of climate. Of importance are emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), aerosols and their precursors (soot and sulphate), and increased cloudiness in the form of persistent linear contrails and induced-cirrus cloudiness. Th ...
Two hundred fifty years of aerosols and climate: the end of the age
Two hundred fifty years of aerosols and climate: the end of the age

... the net radiative forcing from aerosols is negative, resulting in a net cooling impact. This negative forcing has “masked” some of the positive forcing from greenhouse gases (Wigley, 1989; Charlson et al., 1991; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993; Taylor and Penner, 1994). As found by historical pattern-match ...
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Kyoto Protocol



The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December, 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to ""a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"" (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States (which has not ratified the Protocol). As of July 2015, 36 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states.Negotiations were held in Lima in 2014 to agree on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. China, India, and the United States have all signaled that they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally to reduce CO2 emissions.
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