Urea cycle
... • Dietary intake is primarily proteins much urea (amino acids are used for fuel) • Prolonged starvation breaks down of muscle proteins much urea also • The rate of synthesis of four urea cycle enzymes and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I) in the liver is regulated by changes in demand f ...
... • Dietary intake is primarily proteins much urea (amino acids are used for fuel) • Prolonged starvation breaks down of muscle proteins much urea also • The rate of synthesis of four urea cycle enzymes and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I) in the liver is regulated by changes in demand f ...
(CS) and essential amino acid index
... nutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) to be fixed and replacements of ingredients can be done in the formulation. Proximate analysis is used as a rough and initial evaluation of feeds and feedstuffs. Another evaluation criteria is the protein chemical score (CS) defined as the lowest ratio of th ...
... nutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) to be fixed and replacements of ingredients can be done in the formulation. Proximate analysis is used as a rough and initial evaluation of feeds and feedstuffs. Another evaluation criteria is the protein chemical score (CS) defined as the lowest ratio of th ...
103 Rev Ex1 key Win06
... 28. What are the roles of aldosterone and cortisone (two corticosteroids produced in the adrenal glands)? Aldosterone acts in the kidneys to control electrolyte balance and water retention. Cortisone raises the blood glucose level by limiting glucose metabolism to the nervous system and by stimulati ...
... 28. What are the roles of aldosterone and cortisone (two corticosteroids produced in the adrenal glands)? Aldosterone acts in the kidneys to control electrolyte balance and water retention. Cortisone raises the blood glucose level by limiting glucose metabolism to the nervous system and by stimulati ...
Mechanism of Carbanion Stabilization by PLP, Cont`d
... abstraction. The product is an extended conjugated system incorporating both an imine and an enamine. ...
... abstraction. The product is an extended conjugated system incorporating both an imine and an enamine. ...
Plasma Enzymes
... These enzymes catalyze cleavage of substrates or removal of chemical groups by mechanisms other than addition of water i.e. by mechanisms other than hydrolysis. They include: A. Aldolase: It is an enzyme that splits aldehyde from alcohol e.g. fructose1-6-diphosphate aldolase. B. Dehydratases: These ...
... These enzymes catalyze cleavage of substrates or removal of chemical groups by mechanisms other than addition of water i.e. by mechanisms other than hydrolysis. They include: A. Aldolase: It is an enzyme that splits aldehyde from alcohol e.g. fructose1-6-diphosphate aldolase. B. Dehydratases: These ...
6 Aerobic Degradation by Microorganisms
... degraded most rapidly by mechanisms demonstrated in Fig. 3. Short-chain alkanes (less than C9) are toxic to many microorganisms, but they evaporate rapidly from petroleum contaminated sites. Oxidation of alkanes is classified as being terminal or diterminal. The monoterminal oxidation is the main pa ...
... degraded most rapidly by mechanisms demonstrated in Fig. 3. Short-chain alkanes (less than C9) are toxic to many microorganisms, but they evaporate rapidly from petroleum contaminated sites. Oxidation of alkanes is classified as being terminal or diterminal. The monoterminal oxidation is the main pa ...
Expanding the Genetic Code with Unnatural Amino Acids
... The twenty amino acids vary in size, shape, charge, bonding and reactivity. All proteins in all the species of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are made from these same 20 amino acids, with only a few exceptions. Bacterial amino acids are in the L as well as some are in the D form. Furthermore, hum ...
... The twenty amino acids vary in size, shape, charge, bonding and reactivity. All proteins in all the species of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are made from these same 20 amino acids, with only a few exceptions. Bacterial amino acids are in the L as well as some are in the D form. Furthermore, hum ...
Availability of amino acids supplied by constant
... which attains its lowest value at noon [26, 271. Thus this metabolic behaviour partly, but not fully, explains the decrease in tyrosine. Another possible explanation for the steadily decreasing tyrosine concentration may rest in a competitive inhibition of tyrosine efflux due to the excessive supply ...
... which attains its lowest value at noon [26, 271. Thus this metabolic behaviour partly, but not fully, explains the decrease in tyrosine. Another possible explanation for the steadily decreasing tyrosine concentration may rest in a competitive inhibition of tyrosine efflux due to the excessive supply ...
amino acids
... Arginine is the main source of nitrogen reservoir and also recycles the nitrogen. One of its functions is to distribute Nitrogen all over the plant. This amino acid is the substrate for the production of Nitric Oxide. Nitric oxide is a compound that plays several roles in the plant: a) Acts as part ...
... Arginine is the main source of nitrogen reservoir and also recycles the nitrogen. One of its functions is to distribute Nitrogen all over the plant. This amino acid is the substrate for the production of Nitric Oxide. Nitric oxide is a compound that plays several roles in the plant: a) Acts as part ...
Characterization of a P-lactamase produced by
... higher values substrate inhibition did occur: 31 % and 86% at 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively, with an Iso of 1000 pg ml-l. The combination of greater penicillin hydrolysis and inhibition by clavulanate (Iso4.6 pg ml-l) suggests that the enzyme be allocated to group 2a (PENY) P-lactamases of Bush (1989 ...
... higher values substrate inhibition did occur: 31 % and 86% at 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively, with an Iso of 1000 pg ml-l. The combination of greater penicillin hydrolysis and inhibition by clavulanate (Iso4.6 pg ml-l) suggests that the enzyme be allocated to group 2a (PENY) P-lactamases of Bush (1989 ...
Citric acid cycle
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Crystal Structure of the Carboxyltransferase Domain of Acetyl
... oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. They are targets for therapeutics against obesity and diabetes, and several herbicides function by inhibiting their carboxyltransferase (CT) domain. We determined the crystal structure of the free enzyme and the coenzyme A complex of yeast CT at 2.7 angstrom reso ...
... oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. They are targets for therapeutics against obesity and diabetes, and several herbicides function by inhibiting their carboxyltransferase (CT) domain. We determined the crystal structure of the free enzyme and the coenzyme A complex of yeast CT at 2.7 angstrom reso ...
eprint_1_29837_493
... Enzymes are biological catalysts which bring about chemical are present in very small amounts in various cells . Almost all the functions of the body such as digestion , breathing , synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates m fats and proteins are catalysed and controlled by specific enzymes . Most c ...
... Enzymes are biological catalysts which bring about chemical are present in very small amounts in various cells . Almost all the functions of the body such as digestion , breathing , synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates m fats and proteins are catalysed and controlled by specific enzymes . Most c ...
Document
... The major fatty acids in the walnut samples were linoleic (C18:2), followed by oleic C18:1w9), α-linolenic (C18:3) and palmitic acid (C16:0). Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all the walnut fruits analyzed, with values ranging from 49.30 (G-9) and 58.20% (G-12). Linolenic, oleic and ...
... The major fatty acids in the walnut samples were linoleic (C18:2), followed by oleic C18:1w9), α-linolenic (C18:3) and palmitic acid (C16:0). Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all the walnut fruits analyzed, with values ranging from 49.30 (G-9) and 58.20% (G-12). Linolenic, oleic and ...
Chapter 9 Cell Respiration
... • If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down • Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway ...
... • If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down • Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway ...
Slide 1
... mitochondrial matrix • The carnitine shuttle moves it into the matrix – Free carnitine is exchanged for acyl carnitine ...
... mitochondrial matrix • The carnitine shuttle moves it into the matrix – Free carnitine is exchanged for acyl carnitine ...
sheet#30
... 1-formation of carbamoyl phosphate: two-steps reaction. First, there is activation of co2 that comes from bicarbonate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in the mitochondria. Secondly, the resulting active carbonate links to ammonia. The formed compound is carbamoyl phosphate. This ...
... 1-formation of carbamoyl phosphate: two-steps reaction. First, there is activation of co2 that comes from bicarbonate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in the mitochondria. Secondly, the resulting active carbonate links to ammonia. The formed compound is carbamoyl phosphate. This ...
Lecture 28 - Citrate Cycle
... succinyl-CoA synthetase in a substrate level phosphorylation reaction that generates GTP The available free energy in the thioester bond of succinyl-CoA (ΔGº' = -32.6 kJ/mol) is used in the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction to carry out a phosphoryl transfer reaction (ΔGº' = +30.5 kJ/mol), in this ca ...
... succinyl-CoA synthetase in a substrate level phosphorylation reaction that generates GTP The available free energy in the thioester bond of succinyl-CoA (ΔGº' = -32.6 kJ/mol) is used in the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction to carry out a phosphoryl transfer reaction (ΔGº' = +30.5 kJ/mol), in this ca ...
Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen & Urea Cycle
... All the amino nitrogen from amino acids that undergo transamination can be concentrated in glutamate The acceptor of the amino group is almost always a-keto glutarate ...
... All the amino nitrogen from amino acids that undergo transamination can be concentrated in glutamate The acceptor of the amino group is almost always a-keto glutarate ...
Activated Sugar Precursors: Biosynthetic Pathways and Biological
... intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis intermediate F6P is also of central importance in sugar nucleotides biosynthesis. The vast majority of sugar nucleotides can be synthesised by living organism using either G1P o ...
... intermediate G6P by the enzyme activity phosphoglucomutase (Pgm; EC 5.4.2.2) (MehraChaudhary et al., 2011). The glycolysis intermediate F6P is also of central importance in sugar nucleotides biosynthesis. The vast majority of sugar nucleotides can be synthesised by living organism using either G1P o ...
Flux distributions in anaerobic, glucose-limited
... ments carried out in this work have shown that ADH I11 is active during anaerobic growth on glucose (see Results). Hence, the model includes two reactions where acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol but localized in different compartments (reactions 9 and 37). Two isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase e ...
... ments carried out in this work have shown that ADH I11 is active during anaerobic growth on glucose (see Results). Hence, the model includes two reactions where acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol but localized in different compartments (reactions 9 and 37). Two isoenzymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase e ...
respiration - sandsbiochem
... ATP synthase: enzyme that makes ATP Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane ...
... ATP synthase: enzyme that makes ATP Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane ...
22. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
... The most nearly universal pathway for aerobic metabolism is the cyclic series of reactions, termed citric acid cycle (CAC) or Krebs cycle. The first name has been applied because citric acid (Fig. 22–4) is the first intermediate formed in this cycle. The second name has been given in honour of its m ...
... The most nearly universal pathway for aerobic metabolism is the cyclic series of reactions, termed citric acid cycle (CAC) or Krebs cycle. The first name has been applied because citric acid (Fig. 22–4) is the first intermediate formed in this cycle. The second name has been given in honour of its m ...
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – functions to create fats from blood sugar in living organisms.