Central carbon metabolism of Saccharomyces
... transport is driven by the proton motive force at the inner mitochondrial membrane, i.e. oxaloacetate is actively transferred across the membrane in symport with protons (Fig. 1). This mode of operation indicates directional transfer from the cytosol to the mitochondria. cyt-Prv is produced in the c ...
... transport is driven by the proton motive force at the inner mitochondrial membrane, i.e. oxaloacetate is actively transferred across the membrane in symport with protons (Fig. 1). This mode of operation indicates directional transfer from the cytosol to the mitochondria. cyt-Prv is produced in the c ...
design of lupin seeds lactic acid fermentation – changes of
... valuable feedstuffs because of relatively high energy and protein contents and an attractive protein quality. However, they also contain anti-nutritional substances, such as alkaloids, oligosaccharides (e.g. raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) and tannins, which may reduce feed intake and digestibi ...
... valuable feedstuffs because of relatively high energy and protein contents and an attractive protein quality. However, they also contain anti-nutritional substances, such as alkaloids, oligosaccharides (e.g. raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) and tannins, which may reduce feed intake and digestibi ...
Heterotrophic cultures
... In a broad sense, all organisms, including microalgae, use the same metabolic pathways for respiration. As expected, the metabolism of microalgae generally resembles, with only minor differences, that of higher plants. However, it is impossible to precisely predict which specific substrates can be u ...
... In a broad sense, all organisms, including microalgae, use the same metabolic pathways for respiration. As expected, the metabolism of microalgae generally resembles, with only minor differences, that of higher plants. However, it is impossible to precisely predict which specific substrates can be u ...
PDF format - JOP. Journal of the Pancreas
... Context Dietary proteins and amino acids can modulate pancreatic function. Objective Our aim was to estimate the levels of plasma amino acids in chronic pancreatitis patients and study their relationship with disease characteristics as well as exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Patients One hundr ...
... Context Dietary proteins and amino acids can modulate pancreatic function. Objective Our aim was to estimate the levels of plasma amino acids in chronic pancreatitis patients and study their relationship with disease characteristics as well as exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Patients One hundr ...
for students of the Faculty of Medicine
... organisms. They are derived from organic acids, in which a hydrogen atom most often located near the α-carbon is substituted by the amino group. Some amino acids have two amino groups located at different carbon atoms, a few contain two or even three carboxyl groups. Two amino acids, proline and its ...
... organisms. They are derived from organic acids, in which a hydrogen atom most often located near the α-carbon is substituted by the amino group. Some amino acids have two amino groups located at different carbon atoms, a few contain two or even three carboxyl groups. Two amino acids, proline and its ...
genetic code: a new understanding of codon
... first pair of friendly numbers. Their sum equals 504, as in two second, two third and two fourth branches (reading one branch from left and second branch from right side at the same time, in relation to middle point of tree). On the other hand, we have the realization each of four possible letters, ...
... first pair of friendly numbers. Their sum equals 504, as in two second, two third and two fourth branches (reading one branch from left and second branch from right side at the same time, in relation to middle point of tree). On the other hand, we have the realization each of four possible letters, ...
Problem-Set Solutions
... 24.70 GTP and ATP 24.71 Lactate formed by muscle activity diffuses into the blood and is carried to the liver where the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate back to pyruvate. 24.72 to regenerate glucose from lactate (in the liver) and return the glucose to muscle cells 24.73 In the pentose ...
... 24.70 GTP and ATP 24.71 Lactate formed by muscle activity diffuses into the blood and is carried to the liver where the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate back to pyruvate. 24.72 to regenerate glucose from lactate (in the liver) and return the glucose to muscle cells 24.73 In the pentose ...
Chapter 11- Looking for the Edge
... Combining and Stacking Supplements Once it is known what a supplement contains, consideration should be given to what might happen when multiple supplements are combined, or “stacked.” The concept of “stacking” is a concern. Many variations of “stacking” exist. Several examples of stacking and how t ...
... Combining and Stacking Supplements Once it is known what a supplement contains, consideration should be given to what might happen when multiple supplements are combined, or “stacked.” The concept of “stacking” is a concern. Many variations of “stacking” exist. Several examples of stacking and how t ...
Malonyl CoenzymeA Decarboxylase Regulates Lipid and
... humans, intramyocellular lipid levels of skeletal muscle are inversely correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (1). Increasing evidence suggests that extensive triacylglycerol accumulation in skeletal muscle (i.e., ectopic fat deposition) impairs insulin signaling and glucose uptake and contr ...
... humans, intramyocellular lipid levels of skeletal muscle are inversely correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (1). Increasing evidence suggests that extensive triacylglycerol accumulation in skeletal muscle (i.e., ectopic fat deposition) impairs insulin signaling and glucose uptake and contr ...
2016A Guerreiro Microbial Cell
... Although it has already been reported that acetic acid concentrations in the range of 320 - 800 mM induce a PCD process in Z. bailii hybrid strain ISA1307 [7], this study was started by validating the experimental conditions to be used and to confirm the occurrence of massive PCD under the specific ...
... Although it has already been reported that acetic acid concentrations in the range of 320 - 800 mM induce a PCD process in Z. bailii hybrid strain ISA1307 [7], this study was started by validating the experimental conditions to be used and to confirm the occurrence of massive PCD under the specific ...
Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
... Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP. Each NADH produces 3 ATPs in the e- transport chain NSCC BIOL211 ...
... Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP. Each NADH produces 3 ATPs in the e- transport chain NSCC BIOL211 ...
Pathways of Glucose Assimilation in Puccinia graminis
... 1 h. Less label was incorporated into mannitol, with an eight- to fifteenfold excess of glucitol after 10 min, and a threefold excess after 3 h. GLC analyses (cf. legend to Fig. 4 ) showed no significant changes in the concentrations of any sugar or polyol during the experiment, indicating that labe ...
... 1 h. Less label was incorporated into mannitol, with an eight- to fifteenfold excess of glucitol after 10 min, and a threefold excess after 3 h. GLC analyses (cf. legend to Fig. 4 ) showed no significant changes in the concentrations of any sugar or polyol during the experiment, indicating that labe ...
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
The Intermediary Metabolism of Cholesterol
... concentration of reaction products and reactants respectively, synthesis and degradation of the metabolite taking place concurrently. Since steroid synthesis has so far been observed only in systems containing intact cells, i.e., under steady-state conditions, it is clear that the tracer technic is ...
... concentration of reaction products and reactants respectively, synthesis and degradation of the metabolite taking place concurrently. Since steroid synthesis has so far been observed only in systems containing intact cells, i.e., under steady-state conditions, it is clear that the tracer technic is ...
University: Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine Course
... 10. Describe in details and with formulas the following reactions including their cofactors and their relationship to the removal of nitrogen waste in the body: transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutaminase. 11. In relation to the urea cycle: Describe in details using f ...
... 10. Describe in details and with formulas the following reactions including their cofactors and their relationship to the removal of nitrogen waste in the body: transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutaminase. 11. In relation to the urea cycle: Describe in details using f ...
Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid
... infusion of 0 (basal), 150 or 400 mmol NH 4HCO 3/min into the mesenteric vein of three sheep given 800 g grass pellets/d and arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Urea irreversible loss rate (ILR) was also determined by continuous infusion of [ 14C]urea over the last 52 h of each experimental per ...
... infusion of 0 (basal), 150 or 400 mmol NH 4HCO 3/min into the mesenteric vein of three sheep given 800 g grass pellets/d and arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Urea irreversible loss rate (ILR) was also determined by continuous infusion of [ 14C]urea over the last 52 h of each experimental per ...
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation is
... BHMT, DMGDH and SARDH [25]. However, whether TTA treatment affects the related metabolites has yet to be explored. Also, activation of PPARα has been shown to increase the synthesis of vitamin B3 from tryptophan by regulating key enzymes in this pathway [26], but whether PPAR activation influences t ...
... BHMT, DMGDH and SARDH [25]. However, whether TTA treatment affects the related metabolites has yet to be explored. Also, activation of PPARα has been shown to increase the synthesis of vitamin B3 from tryptophan by regulating key enzymes in this pathway [26], but whether PPAR activation influences t ...
Interaction of Fish Oil and Conjugated Linoleic Acid in
... liver. It is expected that the simultaneous ingestion of a dietary factor capable of reducing hepatic lipogenesis in CLA-treated animals would be effective at preventing hepatic lipid accumulation. We hypothesized that a CLA-dependent increase in hepatic lipogenesis is the consequence of a large red ...
... liver. It is expected that the simultaneous ingestion of a dietary factor capable of reducing hepatic lipogenesis in CLA-treated animals would be effective at preventing hepatic lipid accumulation. We hypothesized that a CLA-dependent increase in hepatic lipogenesis is the consequence of a large red ...
Mutational properties of amino acid residues: implications for
... mutate (mutability) and be targets of mutation (targetability). Given that MUTA matrices are derived not from conserved blocks but instead from a large range of sequences with different degrees of evolvability, they are likely to be more useful than previous matrices for evolutionary analysis (e.g. ...
... mutate (mutability) and be targets of mutation (targetability). Given that MUTA matrices are derived not from conserved blocks but instead from a large range of sequences with different degrees of evolvability, they are likely to be more useful than previous matrices for evolutionary analysis (e.g. ...
Mutational properties of amino acid residues
... mutate (mutability) and be targets of mutation (targetability). Given that MUTA matrices are derived not from conserved blocks but instead from a large range of sequences with different degrees of evolvability, they are likely to be more useful than previous matrices for evolutionary analysis (e.g. ...
... mutate (mutability) and be targets of mutation (targetability). Given that MUTA matrices are derived not from conserved blocks but instead from a large range of sequences with different degrees of evolvability, they are likely to be more useful than previous matrices for evolutionary analysis (e.g. ...
Lactate Acid Fermentation of Acetic Acid in the Butyric Spec. and the
... to isolate and propagate these bacteria in pure culture on a lactate medium have failed. In pure culture the bacteria appear to lose their ability to attack lactate, although they can be cultured easily on sugar-containing media. Van Beynum and Pette (1935) finally succeeded in growing these organis ...
... to isolate and propagate these bacteria in pure culture on a lactate medium have failed. In pure culture the bacteria appear to lose their ability to attack lactate, although they can be cultured easily on sugar-containing media. Van Beynum and Pette (1935) finally succeeded in growing these organis ...
Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Third Edition
... that work. As discussed in section 5.1, the energy used in various activities can readily be measured, as can the metabolic energy yield of the foods that are the fuel for that work (see Table 1.1). This means that it is possible to calculate a balance between the intake of energy, as metabolic fuel ...
... that work. As discussed in section 5.1, the energy used in various activities can readily be measured, as can the metabolic energy yield of the foods that are the fuel for that work (see Table 1.1). This means that it is possible to calculate a balance between the intake of energy, as metabolic fuel ...
2 Pyruvate
... The Pathway of Electron Transport The electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electr ...
... The Pathway of Electron Transport The electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electr ...
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – functions to create fats from blood sugar in living organisms.