19_Glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of glucose
... GluT1 is seen in erythrocytes and endothelial cells; GluT3 is located in neuronal cells (has higher affinity to glucose); GluT5 – in intestine and kidneys; GluT4 - in muscles and fat cells. ...
... GluT1 is seen in erythrocytes and endothelial cells; GluT3 is located in neuronal cells (has higher affinity to glucose); GluT5 – in intestine and kidneys; GluT4 - in muscles and fat cells. ...
Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity
... those perturbations to other organelles (Padmanabhan and Dinesh-Kumar, 2010; Bobik and Burch-Smith, 2015). The chloroplast, together with the nucleus, cell membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a critical role during the establishment of plant immunity against microbial attack and, in this ...
... those perturbations to other organelles (Padmanabhan and Dinesh-Kumar, 2010; Bobik and Burch-Smith, 2015). The chloroplast, together with the nucleus, cell membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a critical role during the establishment of plant immunity against microbial attack and, in this ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis
... Step 8. In the eighth step, the remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third carbon to the second carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate (an isomer of 3-phosphoglycerate). The enzyme catalyzing this step is a mutase (isomerase). Step 9. ...
... Step 8. In the eighth step, the remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third carbon to the second carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate (an isomer of 3-phosphoglycerate). The enzyme catalyzing this step is a mutase (isomerase). Step 9. ...
Muscle Metabolism - White Plains Public Schools
... Ionic disturbances are the most likely cause of muscle fatigue: Potassium ion lost from the muscle cells Interference of Calcium regulation ...
... Ionic disturbances are the most likely cause of muscle fatigue: Potassium ion lost from the muscle cells Interference of Calcium regulation ...
Cellular respiration
... maximum is closer to 28-30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower due to the inner membrane of the mitochondria being slightly leaky to protons.[3] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as t ...
... maximum is closer to 28-30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower due to the inner membrane of the mitochondria being slightly leaky to protons.[3] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as t ...
Comparative proteomic network signatures in seminal plasma of
... species (ROS), a group of molecules with incompletely reduced oxygen atom [10, 11] that are capable of reacting with almost all biomolecules leading to their altered function such as inhibition/activation of enzymes. Nature has bestowed aerobic organisms with an array of antioxidant defence mechanis ...
... species (ROS), a group of molecules with incompletely reduced oxygen atom [10, 11] that are capable of reacting with almost all biomolecules leading to their altered function such as inhibition/activation of enzymes. Nature has bestowed aerobic organisms with an array of antioxidant defence mechanis ...
Origin of metabolism
... network is often associated with functional divisions in the more complex molecules that control metabolism, particularly the cofactors, showing that their metabolic role is also an evolutionary role. As carriers of electrons or essential functional groups, cofactors regulate kinetic bottlenecks in ...
... network is often associated with functional divisions in the more complex molecules that control metabolism, particularly the cofactors, showing that their metabolic role is also an evolutionary role. As carriers of electrons or essential functional groups, cofactors regulate kinetic bottlenecks in ...
File - western undergrad. by the students, for the students.
... All cells are enclosed by a membrane composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Eucaryotic cells also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or org ...
... All cells are enclosed by a membrane composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Eucaryotic cells also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or org ...
File
... Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion (2) • The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – It is a stepwise cycle where substrate is oxidized and its energy conserved. – The two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA is condensed with the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate. – During the c ...
... Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion (2) • The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – It is a stepwise cycle where substrate is oxidized and its energy conserved. – The two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA is condensed with the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon citrate. – During the c ...
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative
... no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
... no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides
... calcitonin, amylin, and adrenomedullin. It exists in two isoforms α-CGRP (or CGRP I) and β-CGRP (or CGRP II) which are very similar in their biological activities but are encoded by different genes. CGRP peptides are mainly localized in sensory and central neurons and have been implicated in a varie ...
... calcitonin, amylin, and adrenomedullin. It exists in two isoforms α-CGRP (or CGRP I) and β-CGRP (or CGRP II) which are very similar in their biological activities but are encoded by different genes. CGRP peptides are mainly localized in sensory and central neurons and have been implicated in a varie ...
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... Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives generated by the 5-‐lipoxygenase (5-‐LO) pathway. They are produced by myeloid cells. 5-‐LO converts AA to LTA4 in cooperation with ...
... Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives generated by the 5-‐lipoxygenase (5-‐LO) pathway. They are produced by myeloid cells. 5-‐LO converts AA to LTA4 in cooperation with ...
Supplementary Data - Institute of Cancer Research
... To study the function of the new rLC isoforms in more detail, we first made use of available mutants, ΔLCE12 flies lacking the entire PGRP-LC locus, and ΔLCird7(1) flies with an insertion in exon 4 which consequently express only the rLC isoforms (Fig. 1c and Fig. 2c) 29, 30. Both mutants are unabl ...
... To study the function of the new rLC isoforms in more detail, we first made use of available mutants, ΔLCE12 flies lacking the entire PGRP-LC locus, and ΔLCird7(1) flies with an insertion in exon 4 which consequently express only the rLC isoforms (Fig. 1c and Fig. 2c) 29, 30. Both mutants are unabl ...
Chapter 3
... – Not a primary energy source during exercise (too expensive) – But usable – long duration exercise (up to ...
... – Not a primary energy source during exercise (too expensive) – But usable – long duration exercise (up to ...
Supporting information. Rat urinary glycoprotein identified from
... Beta-2-microglobulin is the beta-chain of major histocompatibility complex class I ...
... Beta-2-microglobulin is the beta-chain of major histocompatibility complex class I ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... of nutrition deficiency, cytokines and growth factors decreases and neurotoxic drugs [13-16]. Therefore, a clear understanding of how the MAPK/JNK signal pathway influences autophagy can lead to characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Elucidation of the signaling cascades that the r ...
... of nutrition deficiency, cytokines and growth factors decreases and neurotoxic drugs [13-16]. Therefore, a clear understanding of how the MAPK/JNK signal pathway influences autophagy can lead to characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Elucidation of the signaling cascades that the r ...
Document
... • multiple genetic markers available, both selection and counterselection possible • genetic crosses possible • gene knockout by homologous recombination very efficient – complete set of 4 x 6000 knockout mutants available ...
... • multiple genetic markers available, both selection and counterselection possible • genetic crosses possible • gene knockout by homologous recombination very efficient – complete set of 4 x 6000 knockout mutants available ...
35 Amino acid breakdown Amino acids comprise one of the three
... by a series of common enzymes into coenzyme A derivatives. These are then metabolized by separate pathways depending on the structure of the original compound. Leucine is converted into HMG-CoA, the substrate for ketone body production, and is exclusively ketogenic. Valine is converted to propionyl- ...
... by a series of common enzymes into coenzyme A derivatives. These are then metabolized by separate pathways depending on the structure of the original compound. Leucine is converted into HMG-CoA, the substrate for ketone body production, and is exclusively ketogenic. Valine is converted to propionyl- ...
Archaea
... 11 substrates, divided into 3 classes, can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogens Other compounds (e.g., glucose) can be converted to ...
... 11 substrates, divided into 3 classes, can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogens Other compounds (e.g., glucose) can be converted to ...
Black and White Nucleotide Metabolism english document for
... Nucleotide is an organic molecule consisting of a nucleoside linked with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleoside makes up of a five-carbon sugar backbone (ribose or deoxyribose) and base. There are two types of nucleot ...
... Nucleotide is an organic molecule consisting of a nucleoside linked with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleoside makes up of a five-carbon sugar backbone (ribose or deoxyribose) and base. There are two types of nucleot ...
Microvascular Endothelial Cells
... • Secreted homodimeric growth factor • Expressed by a variety of vascularized tissue • Different isoforms. VEGF165 as key regulator of blood vessel growth VEGF receptors • VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, VEGF-R3 • VEGF-R2 as major mediator of EC proliferation, migration, angiogenesis VEGF released from tumors • P ...
... • Secreted homodimeric growth factor • Expressed by a variety of vascularized tissue • Different isoforms. VEGF165 as key regulator of blood vessel growth VEGF receptors • VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, VEGF-R3 • VEGF-R2 as major mediator of EC proliferation, migration, angiogenesis VEGF released from tumors • P ...
Coagulation in vitro
... C. Prothrombin activation. Factor Xa converts prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin (factor IIa) by cleaving two peptide bonds in the zymogen (indicated by arrows in Fig. 5). Activation of prothrombin by Xa is accelerated by Va, platelets (or phospholipids), and calcium ions (Table 4). The complete sy ...
... C. Prothrombin activation. Factor Xa converts prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin (factor IIa) by cleaving two peptide bonds in the zymogen (indicated by arrows in Fig. 5). Activation of prothrombin by Xa is accelerated by Va, platelets (or phospholipids), and calcium ions (Table 4). The complete sy ...