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G a - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali
G a - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali

... possible reactions to the same stimulus. Hence, nondeterministic models capture the diverse behavior often observed in Signal-transduction pathways by allowing different choices of execution, without assigning priorities or probabilities to each ...
AP Biology Cell Unit Exam - Speedway High School
AP Biology Cell Unit Exam - Speedway High School

A2 Biology Revision Tips
A2 Biology Revision Tips

Propionate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Propionate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

INO1 - of /home/sholmes/web
INO1 - of /home/sholmes/web

... concurrent, with the highest level of increase in mRNA expression occurring after periphery localization is complete • These genes remain at the periphery long after the cells are returned to repressing conditions and mRNA expression returns to repressed levels, and this localization is inherited fo ...
Respiration in Plants
Respiration in Plants

ATP - IS MU
ATP - IS MU

... • nutrients in food (lipids and saccharides, partially proteins) contain carbon atoms with low oxidation number • they are continuously degraded (oxidized) to various intermediates, that in decarboxylation reactions release CO2 • electrons and H atoms are transferred to redox cofactors (NADH, FADH2 ...
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the

... The Janus kinase cascade is a ubiquitous intracellular signaling pathway required for response to many extracellular ligands. The pathway includes receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and their substrate transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). The JA ...
P3- Biochemical Processes
P3- Biochemical Processes

... without cofactors, such as vitamins ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis

... The reduction of pyruvate’s ketone functional group into an alcohol requires a reducing agent. NADH provides the electrons and enough reduction potential to do the job. In fact, consuming NADH is the main goal of this reaction. Cellular levels of NAD+/NADH are limited, and oxidation of NADH back to ...
CMBI
CMBI

... – How do the proteins encoded in genomes interact with each other to produce cells and phenotypes ? – To predict such functional interactions between proteins as there exist e.g. in metabolic pathways, signalling pathways or protein complexes ...
Ch 25 Powerpoint
Ch 25 Powerpoint

...  The Electron Transport System (ETS)  Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation  Is in inner mitochondrial membrane ...
Clot Formation in the Sipunculid Worm Themiste petricola: A
Clot Formation in the Sipunculid Worm Themiste petricola: A

... that crosslinks cytoskeletal proteins during end stages of apoptosis and contributes to prevent leakage of potentially harmful cell remnants [30–32]. For example, shedding of cytoplasmic and nuclear remnants, under the form of cytoplasmic microvesicles or DNA containing microparticles, during cell d ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses

... Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depending on organism and conditions there are 3 fates for the pyruvate at the end ...
ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic
ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic

... cell function. Calcium is integral in two important aspects of cell biology: oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. Calcium ions act as essential cofactors by activating several CAC enzymes, particularly dehydrogenases, and transporters involved in the malateeaspartate redox shuttle [17e20]. Calcium flu ...
Red blood cells: proteomics, physiology and metabolism
Red blood cells: proteomics, physiology and metabolism

... lipidomics is still is in its infancy and faces a number of technological challenges. A first attempt to characterise phospholipid exchange by lipidomics used embryonic fibroblasts (10). In future this approach may help unravel poorly abundant membrane lipids with important physiological functions, ...
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6

... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
Chapter 6 General discussion
Chapter 6 General discussion

... tTG and the UPR Our data, in combination with recent data from others, strongly support the notion that tTG is associated with the ER in various cell-types throughout the body (Piacentini et al., 2014). The physiological function of tTG expression at the ER is at present poorly characterized, but se ...
"Using the KEGG Database Resource". In: Current Protocols in
"Using the KEGG Database Resource". In: Current Protocols in

... to view the most detailed level of a pathway (Fig. 1.12.6). At the top, a pull-down menu of organisms can be used to colorize the parts of the pathway that are known to exist for any given species. Select a different organism to display the genes involved for that organism as colored nodes. The “Cur ...
Novel evolutionary lineages of the invertebrate oxytocin/vasopressin
Novel evolutionary lineages of the invertebrate oxytocin/vasopressin

Requirements - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis
Requirements - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis

... The laboratory examination is an obligatory part of the semi-final examination. Students get one question based on the attached „list of laboratory questions” and answer it in written form (in 15 Min). These tests are graded by 0, 1, 2 points. Students can not pass the semi-final examination with 0 ...
Plant respiration under low oxygen
Plant respiration under low oxygen

... in these components have been reported when plants are subjected to stress, such as oxygen deficiency. This review analyzes the current knowledge on the metabolic and functional aspects of plant respiration, its components and its response to environmental changes. Key words: Electron transport chai ...
Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle

... This allows release of tightly bound RuBP or other sugar phosphate from the active site, and carbamate formation. Since photosynthetic light reactions produce ATP, the ATP dependence of RuBisCO activation provides a mechanism for light-dependent activation of the enzyme. The activase is a member of ...
long program - Pan
long program - Pan

Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade (or a signaling pathway) is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus. At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are involved to regulate cellular actions, responding effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments.
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