Origin of Life
... small changes that improve fitness, big changes are unlikely to result in improved fitness. “Many large groups of facts are intelligible only on the principle that species have been evolved by very small ...
... small changes that improve fitness, big changes are unlikely to result in improved fitness. “Many large groups of facts are intelligible only on the principle that species have been evolved by very small ...
Novel Riboswitch Ligand Analogs as Selective Inhibitors of Guanine
... selection of chemical scaffolds, which makes it easier for bacterial pathogens to quickly develop resistance against new drug derivatives. This recurrent problem of multiple drug resistance implies a constant need to search for novel microbial targets and to modulate their activity using artificial ...
... selection of chemical scaffolds, which makes it easier for bacterial pathogens to quickly develop resistance against new drug derivatives. This recurrent problem of multiple drug resistance implies a constant need to search for novel microbial targets and to modulate their activity using artificial ...
Collagen
... Due to this inactivation, collagen cannot cross-link, and causes weak bones, pain in joints, and numbness ...
... Due to this inactivation, collagen cannot cross-link, and causes weak bones, pain in joints, and numbness ...
Protein Composition of a High-Protein Barley Flour and Barley Grain
... plant was compared with the raw material of the process, 10% dehulled barley grain. The by-product, high-protein barley flour, has been used for feeding pigs, cows, and sheep. The proportions of four protein fractions, isolated according to their solubility, and the nonprotein nitrogen content were ...
... plant was compared with the raw material of the process, 10% dehulled barley grain. The by-product, high-protein barley flour, has been used for feeding pigs, cows, and sheep. The proportions of four protein fractions, isolated according to their solubility, and the nonprotein nitrogen content were ...
Roles of phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes in lipid metabolism
... (DAG) and inorganic phosphate [1] (Figure 1). PAP enzymes have roles in both the synthesis of lipids and the generation or degradation of lipid-signaling molecules in eukaryotic cells. They are classified as either Mg2+-dependent (referred to as PAP1 enzymes) or Mg2+independent (PAP2 or lipid phosph ...
... (DAG) and inorganic phosphate [1] (Figure 1). PAP enzymes have roles in both the synthesis of lipids and the generation or degradation of lipid-signaling molecules in eukaryotic cells. They are classified as either Mg2+-dependent (referred to as PAP1 enzymes) or Mg2+independent (PAP2 or lipid phosph ...
Ciliary neurotrophic factor may activate mature
... was added to the medium (Fig. 1c) and not following treatment with lower doses of the cytokine. To eliminate an artifactual synergistic effect of the serum component TGF, a pan-TGF antibody was added to the culture medium. This treatment had no effect on the increase of CNTF intracellular content ...
... was added to the medium (Fig. 1c) and not following treatment with lower doses of the cytokine. To eliminate an artifactual synergistic effect of the serum component TGF, a pan-TGF antibody was added to the culture medium. This treatment had no effect on the increase of CNTF intracellular content ...
Arabidopsis Genes Encoding Components of the
... represent just the last six exons of AtTOC75-III. In fact, this gene seems to be an extreme case of a more common phenomenon. For a few components, including Toc75 and Toc159, BLAST searches reveal several small regions with high levels of sequence similarity to these subunits throughout the genome. ...
... represent just the last six exons of AtTOC75-III. In fact, this gene seems to be an extreme case of a more common phenomenon. For a few components, including Toc75 and Toc159, BLAST searches reveal several small regions with high levels of sequence similarity to these subunits throughout the genome. ...
Enzymes of the Calvin Cycle and Intermediary
... of C 0 2fixation, measured in intact organisms under optimal experimental conditions, were similar, showing peaks of assimilation at dilution rates between 0.10 and 0.12 h-1 (Fig. 1a, b),although the rate of CO, fixation was significantly greater in organisms grown under C0,limited conditions than i ...
... of C 0 2fixation, measured in intact organisms under optimal experimental conditions, were similar, showing peaks of assimilation at dilution rates between 0.10 and 0.12 h-1 (Fig. 1a, b),although the rate of CO, fixation was significantly greater in organisms grown under C0,limited conditions than i ...
Relish and the Regulation of Antimicrobial Drosophila melanogaster
... carbohydrate-binding proteins that can be activated through interactions with microorganisms and is a major part of the innate immune system (1). Binding of the complement proteins C1q or C3b+B to microorganisms activates associated serine proteases and triggers the classical or alternative pathway ...
... carbohydrate-binding proteins that can be activated through interactions with microorganisms and is a major part of the innate immune system (1). Binding of the complement proteins C1q or C3b+B to microorganisms activates associated serine proteases and triggers the classical or alternative pathway ...
Determination and Quantification of Molecular Interactions in Protein
... Horseradish peroxidase increases the solubility in soy protein solutions and causes some degradation of the protein chains. The moisture barrier could not be improved and the final films were also extremely brittle [75]. Wheat gluten film-forming solutions are well suited for enzymatic cross-linking ...
... Horseradish peroxidase increases the solubility in soy protein solutions and causes some degradation of the protein chains. The moisture barrier could not be improved and the final films were also extremely brittle [75]. Wheat gluten film-forming solutions are well suited for enzymatic cross-linking ...
Plant Signaling and Behavior
... content of OPDA (a mixture of 10- and 12-OPDA) in mycorrhizal tomato plants has been shown to increase compared with non-mycorrhizal plants and was not accompanied by any increase in free JA.51 Thus, it is possible that OPDA and other oxylipins, though nor free JA, play an important role in orchestr ...
... content of OPDA (a mixture of 10- and 12-OPDA) in mycorrhizal tomato plants has been shown to increase compared with non-mycorrhizal plants and was not accompanied by any increase in free JA.51 Thus, it is possible that OPDA and other oxylipins, though nor free JA, play an important role in orchestr ...
(mmg) operon of Bacillus
... during sporulation in prokaryotes. When there is inadequate supply of carbon resources, B. subtilis undergoes a process of sporulation.The mother cell metabolic gene (mmg) operon is expressed at early stages of sporulation. It has six open reading frames mmgABCDE and yqiQ. The products of these gene ...
... during sporulation in prokaryotes. When there is inadequate supply of carbon resources, B. subtilis undergoes a process of sporulation.The mother cell metabolic gene (mmg) operon is expressed at early stages of sporulation. It has six open reading frames mmgABCDE and yqiQ. The products of these gene ...
Suppressor analysis of the protein kinase Elm1p, an enzyme
... revealed four classes of bud-site selection mutations. One class is comprised of proteins of a GTPase module, Budlp/Rsrlp (Ras-related GTPase), Bud2p ...
... revealed four classes of bud-site selection mutations. One class is comprised of proteins of a GTPase module, Budlp/Rsrlp (Ras-related GTPase), Bud2p ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost
... frequently observed response to compensate for anemia is increased erythrocyte production (reticulocytosis). Reticulocytosis (reticulocytes normally comprise 0.5 to 2.5% of total erythrocytes) is an important sign of hemolysis. Reticulocytes still preserve cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes ...
... frequently observed response to compensate for anemia is increased erythrocyte production (reticulocytosis). Reticulocytosis (reticulocytes normally comprise 0.5 to 2.5% of total erythrocytes) is an important sign of hemolysis. Reticulocytes still preserve cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes ...
Cholesterol and its transport
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: receptors in the liver, scavenger receptors, transfer to VLDL (to the liver) ...
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: receptors in the liver, scavenger receptors, transfer to VLDL (to the liver) ...
Cholesterol a jeho transport
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: ...
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: ...
The Ethylene Signal Transduction Pathway in Plants
... E t h y l e n e ( 0 2 H 4 ) , t h e c h e m i c a l l y s i m p l e s t p l a n t h o r m o n e , is a m o n g t h e b e s t - c h a r a c t e r i z e d p l a n t g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s . It p a r t i c i p a t e s in a v a r i e t y o f s t r e s s r e s p o n s e s a n d d e v e l o p m e ...
... E t h y l e n e ( 0 2 H 4 ) , t h e c h e m i c a l l y s i m p l e s t p l a n t h o r m o n e , is a m o n g t h e b e s t - c h a r a c t e r i z e d p l a n t g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s . It p a r t i c i p a t e s in a v a r i e t y o f s t r e s s r e s p o n s e s a n d d e v e l o p m e ...
Concordance of Changes in Metabolic Pathways Based
... approach, we report here alterations of 330 plasma metabolites representing 33 metabolic pathways during an 8-h insulin deprivation in type 1 diabetic individuals. These pathways included those known to be affected by insulin such as glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism, Krebs cycle, and immune ...
... approach, we report here alterations of 330 plasma metabolites representing 33 metabolic pathways during an 8-h insulin deprivation in type 1 diabetic individuals. These pathways included those known to be affected by insulin such as glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism, Krebs cycle, and immune ...
Cholesterol a jeho transport
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: ...
... Transfer of apoproteins (Apo C-II, Apo E) and lipids (CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein) Fate of HDL cholesterol: ...
Genomescale models of metabolism and gene expression extend
... metabolism itself, rectifying dominant failure modes in M-Models. Finally, we compute gene expression changes as the cell transitions through and between the different growth regions. The ME-Model computes measurable coarse- and fine-grained cellular and molecular phenotypes, and provides unity in th ...
... metabolism itself, rectifying dominant failure modes in M-Models. Finally, we compute gene expression changes as the cell transitions through and between the different growth regions. The ME-Model computes measurable coarse- and fine-grained cellular and molecular phenotypes, and provides unity in th ...
Novel Multiprotein Complexes Identified in the Hyperthermophilic
... The repository of sequenced genomes is now above 850 (Genomes Online Database). Consequently there is a tremendous need to determine the function of gene products and identify groups of proteins that work together as complexes in distinct cellular processes. Genome-wide functional analyses suggest t ...
... The repository of sequenced genomes is now above 850 (Genomes Online Database). Consequently there is a tremendous need to determine the function of gene products and identify groups of proteins that work together as complexes in distinct cellular processes. Genome-wide functional analyses suggest t ...
Structural and functional features of Drosophila chorion proteins s36
... protein-specific functions. The possible roles of the protein domains ~for the establishment of hioher order structure in Drosophila chorion and the possible function of the molecules are discussed. The predicted secondary structure of Drosophila chorion proteins s36 and s38 is supported by experime ...
... protein-specific functions. The possible roles of the protein domains ~for the establishment of hioher order structure in Drosophila chorion and the possible function of the molecules are discussed. The predicted secondary structure of Drosophila chorion proteins s36 and s38 is supported by experime ...
resbone - EFN.org
... protein) could change the affinity of collagen or other proteins for calcium. Normally, ATP is considered to be the most important substance governing such changes of protein conformation or binding properties, but ordinarily, ATP and CO2 are closely associated, because both are produced in respirat ...
... protein) could change the affinity of collagen or other proteins for calcium. Normally, ATP is considered to be the most important substance governing such changes of protein conformation or binding properties, but ordinarily, ATP and CO2 are closely associated, because both are produced in respirat ...
extraction of keratin protein from chicken feather
... stability of keratin fibers in the solid form found in feathers. These reagents will break down disulphide bonds, hydrogen bonds and salt linkages of the keratin fibers in order to dissolve it into protein solution. Currently there is an increasing interest in the development of materials that are e ...
... stability of keratin fibers in the solid form found in feathers. These reagents will break down disulphide bonds, hydrogen bonds and salt linkages of the keratin fibers in order to dissolve it into protein solution. Currently there is an increasing interest in the development of materials that are e ...
Calcitonin
... Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchia body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone(PTH). It has ...
... Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchia body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone(PTH). It has ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.