revised Protein and polypeptide hormones
... second messengers are cAMP, Ca2+, inositol triphosphate (IP3) , and diacylglycerol (DAG) . Proteins are phosphorylated on serine and threonine by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and DAG-activated protein kinase C (PKC). Additionally a series of membrane-associated and intracellular tyrosine kina ...
... second messengers are cAMP, Ca2+, inositol triphosphate (IP3) , and diacylglycerol (DAG) . Proteins are phosphorylated on serine and threonine by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and DAG-activated protein kinase C (PKC). Additionally a series of membrane-associated and intracellular tyrosine kina ...
The p101 subunit of PI3Kγ restores activation by Gβ mutants
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
the role of prostanoids in the urinary bladder function and a potential
... COX-1 is expressed in most cells (mostly in vascular endothelial cells, stomach, kidney, vascular smooth muscles, blood cells but except red blood cells) and it is a source of ñ so called ñ housekeeping prostanoids, involved in numerous physiological functions, preserving homeostasis of most systems ...
... COX-1 is expressed in most cells (mostly in vascular endothelial cells, stomach, kidney, vascular smooth muscles, blood cells but except red blood cells) and it is a source of ñ so called ñ housekeeping prostanoids, involved in numerous physiological functions, preserving homeostasis of most systems ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... regulatory ( and ␥) subunits. Each subunit has multiple isoforms (␣1, ␣2, 1, 2, ␥1, ␥2, ␥3) giving twelve possible combinations of holoenzyme with different tissue distributions. In skeletal muscle, only the ␣12␥1, ␣22␥1 and ␣22␥3 complexes seem to be expressed [3]. The N-terminus of the ␣subu ...
... regulatory ( and ␥) subunits. Each subunit has multiple isoforms (␣1, ␣2, 1, 2, ␥1, ␥2, ␥3) giving twelve possible combinations of holoenzyme with different tissue distributions. In skeletal muscle, only the ␣12␥1, ␣22␥1 and ␣22␥3 complexes seem to be expressed [3]. The N-terminus of the ␣subu ...
2. Large-scale Metabolic Reconstruction
... known metabolic genes is be mapped to one or many reactions. The core of the GSM was generated using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) genes database for M. musculus (Release 46) [8]. The gene–reaction mappings were derived from the four different flat files available for each pathw ...
... known metabolic genes is be mapped to one or many reactions. The core of the GSM was generated using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) genes database for M. musculus (Release 46) [8]. The gene–reaction mappings were derived from the four different flat files available for each pathw ...
Type and timing of protein feeding to optimize anabolism
... suggest that a decrease of whole-body protein degradation in the post-prandial state requires a prolonged increase (even moderate) of blood free amino acid levels. This was the case when subjects were fed casein or frequent small meals [10]. The main target in this situation appears to be in the spl ...
... suggest that a decrease of whole-body protein degradation in the post-prandial state requires a prolonged increase (even moderate) of blood free amino acid levels. This was the case when subjects were fed casein or frequent small meals [10]. The main target in this situation appears to be in the spl ...
De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis Mainly
... by adding the nucleobase uracil (Chen and Slocum, 2008). In general, it is assumed that pyrimidine de novo synthesis is exclusively located in plastids with the exception of the reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) (Slocum, 2005). However, direct experimental evidence for this ...
... by adding the nucleobase uracil (Chen and Slocum, 2008). In general, it is assumed that pyrimidine de novo synthesis is exclusively located in plastids with the exception of the reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) (Slocum, 2005). However, direct experimental evidence for this ...
galanin - Personal Home Pages (at UEL)
... and the peripheral nervous systems. •In the CNS: hypothalamus/hippocampus, brain stem, spinal cord. •In the peripheral organs: pancreas, adrenal gland, gastrointestinal tract, genital tract, urinary bladder ...
... and the peripheral nervous systems. •In the CNS: hypothalamus/hippocampus, brain stem, spinal cord. •In the peripheral organs: pancreas, adrenal gland, gastrointestinal tract, genital tract, urinary bladder ...
The initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotes
... Figure 7 The binding of the 4E-BPs to eIF4E is regulated by phosphorylation. The 4E-BPs and eIF4Gs compete for a common binding site on eIF4E. Various stimuli increase the phosphorylation of the 4E-BPs. Hyperphosphorylated 4E-BPs have a relatively low affinity for eIF4E. Conversely, a decrease in 4E ...
... Figure 7 The binding of the 4E-BPs to eIF4E is regulated by phosphorylation. The 4E-BPs and eIF4Gs compete for a common binding site on eIF4E. Various stimuli increase the phosphorylation of the 4E-BPs. Hyperphosphorylated 4E-BPs have a relatively low affinity for eIF4E. Conversely, a decrease in 4E ...
The Drosophila ribbon gene encodes a nuclear BTB domain protein that promotes epithelial migration and morphogenesis. Development 128, 4923-4933. pdf
... signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4) of stage 12 rib+ (B) and ribex12 (D) embryos stained with TL1 antiserum to show lumen and apical surface. Note limited outgrowth o ...
... signaling center. Cytoplasmic processes extend from the basal surface of the lead cells, and cell bodies and apical surface follow. (B,D) Four tracheal metameres (Tr1-4) of stage 12 rib+ (B) and ribex12 (D) embryos stained with TL1 antiserum to show lumen and apical surface. Note limited outgrowth o ...
Localization of Protein-Protein lnteractions between Subunits of
... fine mapping of dimerization regions or, more precisely, sites of homotypic protein-protein interaction, and avoids the problems mentioned above. The premise of our assay is to begin with a protein that must be a dimer to function, remove that protein's dimerization region, and replace it with segme ...
... fine mapping of dimerization regions or, more precisely, sites of homotypic protein-protein interaction, and avoids the problems mentioned above. The premise of our assay is to begin with a protein that must be a dimer to function, remove that protein's dimerization region, and replace it with segme ...
Localization of Protein-Protein lnteractions between Subunits of
... fine mapping of dimerization regions or, more precisely, sites of homotypic protein-protein interaction, and avoids the problems mentioned above. The premise of our assay is to begin with a protein that must be a dimer to function, remove that protein's dimerization region, and replace it with segme ...
... fine mapping of dimerization regions or, more precisely, sites of homotypic protein-protein interaction, and avoids the problems mentioned above. The premise of our assay is to begin with a protein that must be a dimer to function, remove that protein's dimerization region, and replace it with segme ...
Matricellular Protein Cyr61 Bridges Lysophosphatidic Acid and
... by LPA in vascular SMCs. We further explored the role of Cyr61 in LPA-induced SMC migration and related molecular mechanisms. LPA elicits cellular responses mainly via its cognate G-protein coupled receptors (11). At least six specific G-protein-coupled receptors that trigger LPA signaling pathways ...
... by LPA in vascular SMCs. We further explored the role of Cyr61 in LPA-induced SMC migration and related molecular mechanisms. LPA elicits cellular responses mainly via its cognate G-protein coupled receptors (11). At least six specific G-protein-coupled receptors that trigger LPA signaling pathways ...
Threonine Metabolism via Two-carbon Compounds
... Suspensions of Pseudomonas oxalaticus grown on L-threonine did not remove aminoacetone from suspension media. Cell-free extracts were unable to catalyse the 2-0x0 acid and NAD+-dependent utilization of aminoacetone observed with Pseudomonas and Bacillus species (Higgins, Turner & Willetts, 1967). 2- ...
... Suspensions of Pseudomonas oxalaticus grown on L-threonine did not remove aminoacetone from suspension media. Cell-free extracts were unable to catalyse the 2-0x0 acid and NAD+-dependent utilization of aminoacetone observed with Pseudomonas and Bacillus species (Higgins, Turner & Willetts, 1967). 2- ...
`Hybrid Protein Model`for optimally defining 3D protein structure
... distances, consensus or crystallographic approaches (Colloc’h et al., 1993; Frishman and Argos, 1995; Labesse et al., 1997; King and Johnson, 1999). The α-helix and βsheet repetitive structures represent less than 50% of all protein folds. Attempts to classify coils have not yielded completely satis ...
... distances, consensus or crystallographic approaches (Colloc’h et al., 1993; Frishman and Argos, 1995; Labesse et al., 1997; King and Johnson, 1999). The α-helix and βsheet repetitive structures represent less than 50% of all protein folds. Attempts to classify coils have not yielded completely satis ...
Biological Networks Underlying Abiotic Stress Tolerance in
... Stress Signaling and Gene Expression An ambient cue is recognized by a plant cell as a signal when it leads to significant changes in physical properties (changes in the fluidity of phospholipid molecules in plasma membrane bilayer under low or high temperatures) or chemical composition of the ambie ...
... Stress Signaling and Gene Expression An ambient cue is recognized by a plant cell as a signal when it leads to significant changes in physical properties (changes in the fluidity of phospholipid molecules in plasma membrane bilayer under low or high temperatures) or chemical composition of the ambie ...
Biochemical aspects of a whey fraction capable of promoting
... Summary - Human and bovine milks were used as serum substitute for cell cultures. Two whey fractions termed LBS65 and LELm prepared by different steps were routinely used for culturing hybridomas in our laboratory. They stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation into hybridoma, but a minimum of 1% of fet ...
... Summary - Human and bovine milks were used as serum substitute for cell cultures. Two whey fractions termed LBS65 and LELm prepared by different steps were routinely used for culturing hybridomas in our laboratory. They stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation into hybridoma, but a minimum of 1% of fet ...
Structure and biosynthesis of the signal
... is synthesized with a cleavable amino-terminal signal sequence and contains only one classical membrane-spanning segment. Its insertion into the ER membrane during biosynthesis depends on the function of the signal-recognition particle. SSR shows a remarkable charge distribution with the amino termi ...
... is synthesized with a cleavable amino-terminal signal sequence and contains only one classical membrane-spanning segment. Its insertion into the ER membrane during biosynthesis depends on the function of the signal-recognition particle. SSR shows a remarkable charge distribution with the amino termi ...
the signaling role of the accessory receptors cd2 and cd6 in t cell
... identified and cloned, including isoforms lacking domain 1 or domain 3. Ensuing studies showed that the differential expression of the SRCR domain 3 resulted in a remarkable functional difference: whereas full-length CD6 targeted to the immunological synapse, CD6∆d3 was unable to localize at the T c ...
... identified and cloned, including isoforms lacking domain 1 or domain 3. Ensuing studies showed that the differential expression of the SRCR domain 3 resulted in a remarkable functional difference: whereas full-length CD6 targeted to the immunological synapse, CD6∆d3 was unable to localize at the T c ...
Integration of omics data with biochemical reaction
... The appearance of omics data sets has contributed to the rapid development of systems biology, which seeks the understanding of complex biological systems. Constraint-based modeling is one modeling formalism applied in systems biology, which relies on genome-scale network reconstructions. Metabolic ...
... The appearance of omics data sets has contributed to the rapid development of systems biology, which seeks the understanding of complex biological systems. Constraint-based modeling is one modeling formalism applied in systems biology, which relies on genome-scale network reconstructions. Metabolic ...
Two Genes with Similarity to Bacterial Response Regulators Are
... Several proteins with similarity to the receiver domain of response regulators that are not fused to histidine kinase domains also have been identified in eukaryotes, including MCS4 from S. pombe, RegA from D. discoideum, and Ssk1 and Skn7 from S. cerevisiae (Brown et al., 1994; Maeda et al., 1994; ...
... Several proteins with similarity to the receiver domain of response regulators that are not fused to histidine kinase domains also have been identified in eukaryotes, including MCS4 from S. pombe, RegA from D. discoideum, and Ssk1 and Skn7 from S. cerevisiae (Brown et al., 1994; Maeda et al., 1994; ...
Full version (PDF file)
... Some 10 % of AGEs ingested are absorbed into the body's circulation, and over 65 % of those absorbed are retained (Koschinsky et al. 1997). The influence of diet on serum MG level was also demonstrated in renal failure patients (patients with diabetes were excluded). It was shown that a high dietary ...
... Some 10 % of AGEs ingested are absorbed into the body's circulation, and over 65 % of those absorbed are retained (Koschinsky et al. 1997). The influence of diet on serum MG level was also demonstrated in renal failure patients (patients with diabetes were excluded). It was shown that a high dietary ...
The Complement of Protein Phosphatase
... evolutionary ancestry. These clusters, particularly for the largely unexplored PP2C set, will be a rich source of material for plant biologists, allowing the systematic sampling of protein function by genetic and biochemical means. ...
... evolutionary ancestry. These clusters, particularly for the largely unexplored PP2C set, will be a rich source of material for plant biologists, allowing the systematic sampling of protein function by genetic and biochemical means. ...
Polymer scaling laws of unfolded and intrinsically disordered
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
PDF
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.