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... in which analysis of mutants has allowed the identification of key players. This is a complex process, involving the specification of cells that will serve as founders for each of the muscles, definition of myoblasts, and the attraction of myoblasts toward founder cells. Once the two cell types are ...
... in which analysis of mutants has allowed the identification of key players. This is a complex process, involving the specification of cells that will serve as founders for each of the muscles, definition of myoblasts, and the attraction of myoblasts toward founder cells. Once the two cell types are ...
Unveiling the metabolic netwok underlying mitochondrial and
... Participation of metabolism in stem cell differentiation has been largely disregarded until recently. Here, functional proteomics and metabolomics were performed to unveil the mitochondrial and nuclear metabolism during dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)induced differentiation of P19 cells. DMSO-treated cell ...
... Participation of metabolism in stem cell differentiation has been largely disregarded until recently. Here, functional proteomics and metabolomics were performed to unveil the mitochondrial and nuclear metabolism during dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)induced differentiation of P19 cells. DMSO-treated cell ...
Desert hedgehog is a mammal-specific gene expressed during testicular and ovarian
... and appears to play a role in nerve sheath formation ...
... and appears to play a role in nerve sheath formation ...
Desert hedgehogis a mammal-specific gene expressed during
... and appears to play a role in nerve sheath formation ...
... and appears to play a role in nerve sheath formation ...
Does a backwardly read protein sequence have a unique native state?
... exist between the retro-protein structure and the structure of the original protein. Naturally occurring proteins are built from L-amino acids, consecutively connected by amide bonds in order to produce a long backbone of amide bonds with amino acid side groups, which are attached to the chiral C° c ...
... exist between the retro-protein structure and the structure of the original protein. Naturally occurring proteins are built from L-amino acids, consecutively connected by amide bonds in order to produce a long backbone of amide bonds with amino acid side groups, which are attached to the chiral C° c ...
709_2010_211_MOESM2_ESM - Springer Static Content Server
... pattern and is involved in vascular strand development in the leaf, control of leaf shape, size and symmetry, male gametophyte development and ovule specification and function. Anthers of double mutants (bam1bam2) appeared abnormal at a very early stage and lack the endothecium, middle, and tapetum ...
... pattern and is involved in vascular strand development in the leaf, control of leaf shape, size and symmetry, male gametophyte development and ovule specification and function. Anthers of double mutants (bam1bam2) appeared abnormal at a very early stage and lack the endothecium, middle, and tapetum ...
Genome-Based Metabolic Mapping and C Flux
... tricarboxylic acid cycle, biosynthetic pathways of macrobiomolecules (amino acids, nucleotides, UDP-Glc, glycerol3-P, and fatty acids as well as chlorophyll), etc. (Fig. 2). Some catabolic pathways, such as b-oxidation of fatty acids, were also assembled. For each biochemical reaction, details are l ...
... tricarboxylic acid cycle, biosynthetic pathways of macrobiomolecules (amino acids, nucleotides, UDP-Glc, glycerol3-P, and fatty acids as well as chlorophyll), etc. (Fig. 2). Some catabolic pathways, such as b-oxidation of fatty acids, were also assembled. For each biochemical reaction, details are l ...
ch_03_cells_presentation
... • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level ...
... • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level ...
3-2 Organelles and the Cytoplasm
... • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level ...
... • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level ...
Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult
... tive response in muscle protein synthesis [16,17]. The need for total protein may not change, but the effectiveness of amino acids to stimulate muscle (and probably bone) protein metabolism decreases requiring either more total protein or greater nutrient density of EAA/total protein (i.e. protein q ...
... tive response in muscle protein synthesis [16,17]. The need for total protein may not change, but the effectiveness of amino acids to stimulate muscle (and probably bone) protein metabolism decreases requiring either more total protein or greater nutrient density of EAA/total protein (i.e. protein q ...
Ubiquitination and Auxin Signaling: A Degrading Story
... Of course, ubiquitination must be directed against specific targets, and it is the E3 enzyme that mediates the critical step of substrate recognition, a fact reflected in the hundreds of E3s of various classes that are encoded by the eukaryotic genomes sequenced to date (Deshaies, 1999; Voges et al. ...
... Of course, ubiquitination must be directed against specific targets, and it is the E3 enzyme that mediates the critical step of substrate recognition, a fact reflected in the hundreds of E3s of various classes that are encoded by the eukaryotic genomes sequenced to date (Deshaies, 1999; Voges et al. ...
An Engineered Aryl Azide Ligase for Site-Specific
... the HPLC assay, with negative controls in which ATP was omitted or W37V was replaced by wild-type LplA. As expected, product was only observed in the presence of ATP and the W37V mutant (Figure 2 b). We collected the HPLC-purified product and characterized it by mass spectrometry. Figure 4 in the Su ...
... the HPLC assay, with negative controls in which ATP was omitted or W37V was replaced by wild-type LplA. As expected, product was only observed in the presence of ATP and the W37V mutant (Figure 2 b). We collected the HPLC-purified product and characterized it by mass spectrometry. Figure 4 in the Su ...
Slayt 1 - Cumhuriyet University
... transporters fuse with the plasma membrane GLUT4 transporters in muscle or adipose cell surface increases capacity of the cell to transport glucose. ...
... transporters fuse with the plasma membrane GLUT4 transporters in muscle or adipose cell surface increases capacity of the cell to transport glucose. ...
Proteins
... 2. Enzymes are biological catalysts (they speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in the body without being consumed). In this way, proteins facilitate anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions in the body. Many of these chemical reactions are crucial to the digestion of the ingested nutrients and ...
... 2. Enzymes are biological catalysts (they speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in the body without being consumed). In this way, proteins facilitate anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions in the body. Many of these chemical reactions are crucial to the digestion of the ingested nutrients and ...
Activity of ribosomes and tmRNA of Streptomyces aureofaciens
... by sRNA is particularly advantageous during stress responses, when the energy cost must be managed with coordinated expression of multiple genes. Energy expenses for sRNA synthesis are several times lower than for synthesis of regulatory proteins. This type of regulation may represent ancestral form ...
... by sRNA is particularly advantageous during stress responses, when the energy cost must be managed with coordinated expression of multiple genes. Energy expenses for sRNA synthesis are several times lower than for synthesis of regulatory proteins. This type of regulation may represent ancestral form ...
File
... Limitations of storage: In humans, the liver may contain as much as 4 to 6 per cent of glycogen as per weight of the organ, when analysed shortly after a meal, high in carbohydrate. After 12 to 18 hours of fasting, the liver becomes almost totally depleted of glycogen. Reactions of Synthetic Pathw ...
... Limitations of storage: In humans, the liver may contain as much as 4 to 6 per cent of glycogen as per weight of the organ, when analysed shortly after a meal, high in carbohydrate. After 12 to 18 hours of fasting, the liver becomes almost totally depleted of glycogen. Reactions of Synthetic Pathw ...
Rab Proteins and the Organization of Organelle Membrane Domains
... For example, cargo from the extracellular environment is internalized into early endosomes where it is sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or degradation in lysosomes. Clearly, such steps need to be coordinated in time and space. The work on Rab GTPases has revealed molecular features and fu ...
... For example, cargo from the extracellular environment is internalized into early endosomes where it is sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or degradation in lysosomes. Clearly, such steps need to be coordinated in time and space. The work on Rab GTPases has revealed molecular features and fu ...
Inflammation and ER Stress Regulate Branched
... and succinyl-CoA, thereby enabling maximal pyruvate metabolism to citrate and subsequent lipogenesis (10). Work by Herman et al. (9) have shown that adipocytes readily metabolize branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) to lipogenic precursors and that the maximal lipogenic rate requires replenishment of th ...
... and succinyl-CoA, thereby enabling maximal pyruvate metabolism to citrate and subsequent lipogenesis (10). Work by Herman et al. (9) have shown that adipocytes readily metabolize branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) to lipogenic precursors and that the maximal lipogenic rate requires replenishment of th ...
Neural induction requires continued suppression of
... to recruit the transcription co-repressors N-CoR and histone deacetylase (HDAC) to suppress BMP-dependent gene expression (Wang et al., 2000; Luo, 2003; Takeda et al., 2004). Both inhibitors can induce neural markers in animal caps (Amaravadi et al., 1997; Wang et al., 2000; Ishimura et al., 2000). ...
... to recruit the transcription co-repressors N-CoR and histone deacetylase (HDAC) to suppress BMP-dependent gene expression (Wang et al., 2000; Luo, 2003; Takeda et al., 2004). Both inhibitors can induce neural markers in animal caps (Amaravadi et al., 1997; Wang et al., 2000; Ishimura et al., 2000). ...
Amino Acid Composition of Enzymatically Hydrolysed Potato Protein
... We determine the effects of the technology of obtaining potato protein preparation and of different variants of enzymatic hydrolysis on the chemical and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained. Potato protein concentrates obtained through their thermal coagulation in potato juice with c ...
... We determine the effects of the technology of obtaining potato protein preparation and of different variants of enzymatic hydrolysis on the chemical and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained. Potato protein concentrates obtained through their thermal coagulation in potato juice with c ...
Gene expression profiling of mice with genetically modified muscle
... [2,3], glycogenin in humans [4], and the degradative enzyme glycogen phosphorylase [5]. In addition, the two organs utilize different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There ar ...
... [2,3], glycogenin in humans [4], and the degradative enzyme glycogen phosphorylase [5]. In addition, the two organs utilize different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There ar ...
Limonene_Synthase-Plant Physiol.-1999-Turner-879-86
... The limonene synthase cDNA encodes a predicted protein with a molecular mass of 72.4 kD, and analysis of the amino acid sequence suggests the presence of a potential transit peptide at the amino terminus (Colby et al., 1993). To determine if limonene synthase can be targeted to and subsequently impo ...
... The limonene synthase cDNA encodes a predicted protein with a molecular mass of 72.4 kD, and analysis of the amino acid sequence suggests the presence of a potential transit peptide at the amino terminus (Colby et al., 1993). To determine if limonene synthase can be targeted to and subsequently impo ...
Biochemical and Cellular Investigation of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin
... Expression and Purification of VHb Mutants E. coli TG1 cells carrying plasmids coding for native VHb and its variants (Y29H, P54R, and Y29H/P54R) were cultivated in modified LB medium (10 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, and 5 g NaCl, pH 7.2-7.4) supplemented with 100 µg/ml ampicillin and 0.3 µM δami ...
... Expression and Purification of VHb Mutants E. coli TG1 cells carrying plasmids coding for native VHb and its variants (Y29H, P54R, and Y29H/P54R) were cultivated in modified LB medium (10 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, and 5 g NaCl, pH 7.2-7.4) supplemented with 100 µg/ml ampicillin and 0.3 µM δami ...
Improving penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum
... strain improvement programs. These efforts have primarily focused on increasing the levels of (or introducing new) enzymes in the product pathway and on engineering of primary metabolism. At present, there is an urgent need for the development of novel strategies because of the limited success of fu ...
... strain improvement programs. These efforts have primarily focused on increasing the levels of (or introducing new) enzymes in the product pathway and on engineering of primary metabolism. At present, there is an urgent need for the development of novel strategies because of the limited success of fu ...
The anorexigenic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates
... inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (55) and the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways (14, 15, 44, 53). Phosphorylated STAT3 forms a dime ...
... inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (55) and the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways (14, 15, 44, 53). Phosphorylated STAT3 forms a dime ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.