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- Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis

glucose
glucose

... • Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose • The glucose is phosphorylated as it is cleaved from the glycogen to form glucose-1-phosphate • Glucose-1-phosphate can be converted to glucose-6phosphate, which can enter glycolysis • Phosphorylated glucose can’t be absorbed into cells - in ...
Amino acid, ammonia and urea concentrations in human pre
Amino acid, ammonia and urea concentrations in human pre

... BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine amino acid (AA), ammonia and urea concentrations in human ovarian follicular fluid and to compare these concentrations with those in the circulation. METHODS: Samples of pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and peripheral venous blood were obtained from 14 IVF pat ...
Cell differentiation during sexual development of the
Cell differentiation during sexual development of the

... is essential for ascospore wall formation (32). Another example concerns the P. anserina car1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that is essential for peroxisomal assembly (3). car1 mutants show an impaired caryogamy leading to a sterile phenotype. From these data the link between in ...
2 - GENCHEM
2 - GENCHEM

... Adrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, and one of important regulator of central nervous system (CNS). Mandelic acid, on the other hand, is a main ingredient of almond and believed to be derived from adrenaline as a meta ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Molecular Biology of the Cell

... itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ATP is hydrolysed, a hydrogen ion is released. ATPderived hydrogen ions are responsible primarily for the decrease in pH. D ...
Isolated Spinach Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate
Isolated Spinach Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate

... carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunit (LS) ‘N-methyltansferase (protein methylase III or Rubisco LSMT) from a plant Which has a des(methyl) lysyl residue in the LS is disclosed. In addition, the full-length cDNA clones for Rubisco LSMT are disclosed. Transgenic plants and methods of producin ...
TRANSLATION: How to make proteins?
TRANSLATION: How to make proteins?

... a single synthetase may recognize multiple tRNAs for the same amino acid Two classes of synthetases - bind to the acceptor stem and the anticodon loop of tRNA - have different 3-dimensional structures - differ in tRNA side they recognize and how they bind ATP Class I - monomeric, acylates the 2’OH o ...
Derivation and testing of pair potentials for protein folding. When is
Derivation and testing of pair potentials for protein folding. When is

... Many existing derivations of knowledge-based statistical pair potentials invoke the quasichemical approximation to estimate the expected side-chain contact frequency if there were no amino acid pair-specific interactions. At first glance, the quasichemical approximation that treats the residues in a ...
Metabolic and Developmental Adaptations of
Metabolic and Developmental Adaptations of

... their analysis has contributed greatly to the understanding of the control of starch synthesis and respiration in growing tubers (Fernie et al., 2002; Geigenberger et al., 2004; Lytovchenko et al., 2007). However, whereas most approaches were directly targeted to pathway enzymes and their regulatory ...
Biochemical Oscillations
Biochemical Oscillations

... Cooperative binding of ligands to a multisubunit enzyme is not limited to substrates. Other small molecules may bind to the enzyme and alter its catalytic properties (either its affinity for substrates or its rate of converting bound substrates into products). Such enzymes are called “allosteric” bec ...
Protein phosphorylation in bacterial signal transduction
Protein phosphorylation in bacterial signal transduction

Site-directed mutagenesis of key amino acids in the active site of
Site-directed mutagenesis of key amino acids in the active site of

... specificity for sucrose, which is the best substrate for the enzyme. AS synthesises, from this high-energy substrate, an amylose-like polymer. In addition, it catalyses the transfer of glucose units from sucrose onto acceptor molecules like glucose, maltooligosaccharides or glycogen. Finally, it cat ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS

Defining the complementarities between antibodies and haptens to
Defining the complementarities between antibodies and haptens to

... the primary repertoire diversity is enhanced by combinatorial linkage of heavy and light chains. This second phase of diversification is antigen dependent, occurs in the activated B-cells, and arises from three mechanisms: somatic mutations, gene conversion, and class-switching [4–6]. Despite the po ...
Module 5 - MIMG — UCLA
Module 5 - MIMG — UCLA

... on a given day. Alice has no definite information about the weather where Bob lives, but she knows general trends. Based on what Bob tells her he did each day, Alice tries to guess what the weather must have been like. Alice believes that the weather operates as a discrete Markov chain (system in va ...
1 Acids and Bases
1 Acids and Bases

... and the anion is hydroxide. Due to the way we name ionic compounds, these substances will also have “hydroxide” in the name. Acids can sometimes be a little trickier if all you have is the formula. For many of the acids that you will encounter, the formula will begin with an H: H2 SO4 , HCl, HNO3 , ...
C. jejuni
C. jejuni

... biochemical observations in H. pylori indicating that this bacterium can take up glutamate released from glutathione or glutamine by its GGT activity. ...
How ribosomes make peptide bonds
How ribosomes make peptide bonds

... bacteria, 50S, is composed of two RNA molecules, 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA, and >30 proteins. The 50S subunit alone can synthesize peptide bonds as rapidly as the 70S ribosome [3]. One approach to studying peptide-bond formation is to crystallize ribosomes with substrates, transition-state analogs and pr ...
Geometrical and Sequence Characteristics of
Geometrical and Sequence Characteristics of

catalogue 2012 - olimp
catalogue 2012 - olimp

... are made to reject approximately 50% of candidates. It is not easy to become a supplier of Olimp! Each batch of materials undergoes a strict testing procedure; even if the results of pilot trials are positive we analyse each portion of a relevant supply. There is no room for mistakes and misundersta ...
11-Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH
11-Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH

... (LDH). In skeletal muscle, where oxygen deprivation is common during exercise, the reaction is efficient and large amounts of lactate can be formed. In tissues that preferentially oxidize glucose aerobically to CO2 and water, such as cardiac muscle, the reaction is not efficient and pyruvate is pref ...
CHAPTER 4 HF` Cleavage and Deprotection Procedures for
CHAPTER 4 HF` Cleavage and Deprotection Procedures for

Structural Insights into Kinase Inhibition Ramesh Sistla
Structural Insights into Kinase Inhibition Ramesh Sistla

... • Kinases are enzymes catalyze phosphorylation ...
The Amino Acid Sequences of the Myelin
The Amino Acid Sequences of the Myelin

... MAG was isolated by the method of Quarles and Pasnak (39). In brief, purified rat brain myelin (32) was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 vol/vol). The insoluble residue was treated with 0.25 M lithium diiodosalicylate and partitioned with phenol. The aqueous phase, which is enriched in MAG, w ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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