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Acid/Base: Salicylate Toxicity
Acid/Base: Salicylate Toxicity

...  Inhibits the Krebs cycle enzymes, encouraging lipid metabolism and ketogenisis  Inhibition of amino acid metabolism leads to amino ...
Metabolism of Leukotrienes: The Linear Biosynthetic Pathway
Metabolism of Leukotrienes: The Linear Biosynthetic Pathway

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... Coenzyme A attaches to acetate, forming acetyl-coenzyme A All nutrients, whether protein, lipid or carbohydrate, are converted to acetyl-CoA and then channelled toward fat production or ATP production, depending on the organism’s immediate energy needs ...
Cellular Respiration Review
Cellular Respiration Review

... #8. Name the 2 pathways that pyruvic acid might follow if oxygen is NOT available. #9. Name the TWO high energy electron carriers used during cellular respiration. #10. Write the equation for cellular respiration. #11. How is this related to the equation for photosynthesis? ...
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... Perles on two layers show, on the forefront, the GFCC’C” strands and, on the back, the ABED strands. Hatched circles or squares correspond to missing positions according to the IMGT unique numbering for V-DOMAIN and V-LIKE-DOMAIN [12]. Amino acid one-letter abbreviation: A (Ala), alanine; C (Cys), c ...
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... other, there are 55 different cosine distances to be calculated. The 55 different values are listed in Table 4. Figure 1 is the statistical distribution of the 55 values in Table 4. Firstly, we discretized the range of cosine distance into 20 bars with width of 0.05. Secondly, we counted the number ...
Enzymes and Active Sites
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... 1. Which is the active site? A. the entire enzyme B. a section of the enzyme C. the substrate 2. In the induced-fit model, what happens to the shape of the enzyme when the substrate binds? A. stays the same B. adapts to the shape of the substrate General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structure ...
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... Genetic polymorphism of cyt P450 monooxygenases Allelic variation that effects the catalytic activity of monooxygenases will also affect the pharmacologic activity of drugs. Example of such polymorphism is that of the isoform CYP 2D6: there are extensive metabolizers (most of normal population), po ...
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... permits the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage (for example lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). In biochemistry, isozymes (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. In many cases, they are coded for by homologous genes t ...
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... F Steps d and e are repeated over and over until the ribosome encounters a stop codon in the mRNA. The mRNA transcript and the new polypeptide chain are released from the ribosome. The two ribosomal subunits separate from each other. Translation is now complete. Either the chain will join the pool o ...
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... 2009). Bioinformatic analysis suggests that the closest paralog of RMD is GMD (Fig. 4). This conclusion is also supported by the existence of GMD proteins with bifunctional activity, which catalyzes the dehydration of GDP-D-mannose and the reduction of the 4-keto sugar nucleotide to a 6-deoxysugar n ...
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... The reverse reactions that occur during fasting, is known as 82. _____. Because muscular exercise uses glucose for fuel, athletes are very interested in this next very important process. This pathway involves the conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules (not just lactic acid, but also amino acids and ...
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Exam 3

... A. An uncoupler dissipates the proton gradient made by the electron transport chain. B. An uncoupler will cause NADH levels to build up to high concentration. C. Adding an uncoupler will cause ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase to slow or stop. D. When an uncoupler is added, oxygen will continue to b ...
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Identification of the Missing Links in Prokaryotic Pentose Oxidation
Identification of the Missing Links in Prokaryotic Pentose Oxidation

... Pentose sugars are a ubiquitous class of carbohydrates with diverse biological functions. Ribose and deoxyribose are major constituents of nucleic acids, whereas arabinose and xylose are building blocks of several plant cell wall polysaccharides. Many prokaryotes, as well as yeasts and fungi, are ab ...
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Chapter 9 – Catalytic Strategies (So we`ve talked about enzymes

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism

... NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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