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Circadian Rhythm of Intestinal SucraseActivity in Rats
Circadian Rhythm of Intestinal SucraseActivity in Rats

... in rats is synchronized by the time of feeding, but not by the lighting rhythm, has also been clearly established (2-5). A significant rise in enzyme activity usually occurs 1 h before onset of feeding with continued elevated levels throughout the feeding period. Activity begins to decrease within 1 ...
Integrity and purity of the mitochondrial fraction
Integrity and purity of the mitochondrial fraction

... positive for MitoTracker staining (Fig. S1A). The mitochondrial fraction was also essentially free of cytoplasmic contaminants such as GAPDH (absent by western blot, Fig. S1B), and the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of the latter enzyme accounted for < 20% of that found in cyto ...
The Microbiological Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
The Microbiological Degradation of Aromatic Compounds

... These microbes produce, mostly as a result of induction, a whole sequence of enzymes which convert aromatic substrates into an ortho or para dihydroxyphenol derivative, followed by cleavage of the ring to aliphatic acids; these ring fission products are then funnelled into the Krebs cycle through a ...
Chapter 17 (Oct 23, 27, 28)
Chapter 17 (Oct 23, 27, 28)

... Figure 5.20 Primary structure of a protein • Based on amino acid sequence • Each protein has a unique sequence • Like the alphabet (letters = aa) – Order is important for proper function ...
Fermentation 2015: The ABE process
Fermentation 2015: The ABE process

... adjacent to the alkene, allowing the terminal phosphate of ADP to attack the phosphate group on PEP in such a way that electrons can be shuffled across the oxygen and two carbons to form a transient anion that is immediately protonated. The resulting organic product is pyruvate (Pyr, Figure 1). At t ...
digestion in the pig - The Australian Society of Animal Production
digestion in the pig - The Australian Society of Animal Production

... is of particular importance for young pigs, where there is rapid gastrointestinal development, but it must be taken into consideration in formulating diets from birth, through pregnancy and lactation. The following four papers discuss the development of the digestive system and digestibility, with p ...
Translation tRNA is a link between the mRNA and the polypeptide
Translation tRNA is a link between the mRNA and the polypeptide

... 25nm2 of the surface area and involving the acceptor arm and the anticodon loop of the tRNA, as well as individual nucleotides in the D and the TΨC arm The interaction between enzyme and aa is less extnsive, the aa is smaller, several pairs of aa are structurally similar. Errors do occur, but at a l ...
Chapter 5- Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5- Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

... als are more extensive and those between species greater still. The diversity of macromolecules in the living world is vast, and the possible variety is effectively limitless. What is the basis for such diversity in life's polymers? These molecules are constructed from only 40 to 50 common monomers ...
bioengineering 938 pantothenic acid – applications, synthesis and
bioengineering 938 pantothenic acid – applications, synthesis and

... after 72 hours of fermentation was obtained a concentration of 66 g/l pantothenic acid. The main disadvantage of this process, beside the fact that β-alanine is added as a cosubstrate, is that over 40 % of the amount of useful product does not come from carbohydrate substrate, but from the synthetiz ...
Mader 11 ch 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Part 2
Mader 11 ch 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Part 2

... disulfide bond Quaternary Structure This level of structure occurs when two or more folded polypeptides interact to perform a biological function. ...
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY and MTABOLISM
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY and MTABOLISM

... except one carbon ; e.g., glucose and galactose are aldohexoses identical in structure except the -OH attached to C-4 is on the right-side in glucose and on the left-side in galactose. Both sugars are epimers in C-4. • If an equimolar amount of the D-form and L-form of the same sugar are mixed toget ...
Lysine-Restricted Diet as Adjunct Therapy for Pyridoxine
Lysine-Restricted Diet as Adjunct Therapy for Pyridoxine

... where L-D1-piperideine 6-carboxylate (P6C), produced via the pipecolic acid pathway, and a-aminoadipic semialdehyde (a-AASA), produced via the saccharopine pathway, are in equilibrium. a-AASA ...
to NCERT Solutions for class 11 Biology
to NCERT Solutions for class 11 Biology

... Properties of enzymes (1) Enzymes are complex macromolecules with high molecular weight. (2) They catalyze biochemical reactions in a cell. They help in the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules or bring together two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule. (3) Enzymes do not start ...
Key Words
Key Words

... Arrange the following sentences in order to describe translation from mRNA to proteins A. A second tRNA links to a second codon in the mRNA ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Multiple non-covalent weak interactions → sum to strong, stable binding non-covalent complexes (e.g. substrate, inhibitor, DNA) ...
The Photoassimilation of Organic Compounds by
The Photoassimilation of Organic Compounds by

... For photoassimilation experiments organisms were harvested under aseptic conditions by transferring cultures to sterile polyethylene bottles which were centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000 g at 2o07and washed three times in sterile medium DM. For enzyme experiments aseptic conditions were not necessary. ...
Chapter 13 - Cell Metabolism
Chapter 13 - Cell Metabolism

... • 2/3 of oxidation of C compounds in the average cell • End product is CO2 (waste) and NADH high energy molecules (used later) • Requires O2 to regenerate NAD+ but not actually used in reactions • Link the acetyl group of Acetyl CoA to 4 C molecule, oxaloacetate, to make 6 C citrate • By end of cycl ...
The effects of calcium ions on the activites of hexokinase
The effects of calcium ions on the activites of hexokinase

... and therefore maximum activities of x-glycerophosphate oxidase (EC 1.1.2.1) and phosphofructokinase (or hexokinase plus phosphorylase) have been measured in crude muscle extracts. For insect flight muscles the maximum activities of these two enzymes were almost identical (expressed as umoles of trio ...
The Photoassimilation of Organic Compounds by Autotrophic Blue
The Photoassimilation of Organic Compounds by Autotrophic Blue

... For photoassimilation experiments organisms were harvested under aseptic conditions by transferring cultures to sterile polyethylene bottles which were centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000 g at 2o07and washed three times in sterile medium DM. For enzyme experiments aseptic conditions were not necessary. ...
Essay Prompt #1 - Cloudfront.net
Essay Prompt #1 - Cloudfront.net

... affects the process of diffusion through a membrane _______________________ Max possible = 14 * No points if the lab will not work. **Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a selectively (semi)permeable membrane in the following directions: -from higher water potential toward lower water potential ...
Gluconeogensis
Gluconeogensis

... glucose Glucogenic = amino acids that can be converted into glucose (most AA’s) Ketogenic = amino acids that can only be converted into ketone (Lysine & Leucine) Citric Acid Cylce Diagram (S35) Why can’t you convert fatty acids to glucose? i. Acety-CoA has 2 carbons that come in and 2 that go out so ...
Industrial biotechnology: Tools and applications
Industrial biotechnology: Tools and applications

... developed to isolate the variants of interest. An example of a selection method was described by Boersma et al. [19] in the directed evolution of B. subtilis lipase A variants with inverted and improved enantioselectivity. The method is based on the use of an Escherichia coli aspartate auxotroph, th ...
TONE UP. GET LEAN. BE STRONG.
TONE UP. GET LEAN. BE STRONG.

... Adapted from: Layman DK, USDA Food Composition Tables, J Nutr 133:261S-267S, 2003. Whey protein isolate offers more branched-chain amino acids and leucine than other typical protein ingredients. ...
Metabolism Power Point
Metabolism Power Point

... Binding of one substrate to active site of one subunit locks all subunits in active conformation ...
ABBREVIATIONS IN ASPET JOURNALS
ABBREVIATIONS IN ASPET JOURNALS

< 1 ... 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 ... 622 >

Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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