Periplasmic folding factors in Gram-negative bacteria
... nutrients to enter and preventing toxic substances from doing so. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell envelope is responsible for determining which substances can enter the cell. It consists of two membranes, each with different selective permeability properties, and an aqueous space between the memb ...
... nutrients to enter and preventing toxic substances from doing so. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell envelope is responsible for determining which substances can enter the cell. It consists of two membranes, each with different selective permeability properties, and an aqueous space between the memb ...
Microtubule cortical array organization and plant cell morphogenesis
... Most current evidence suggests that interphase microtubules are first polymerized then organized into the cortical array. In the course of normal root axis development, microtubules appear at the cortex of post-mitotic cells in random orientations before the array attains a high degree of order. Lik ...
... Most current evidence suggests that interphase microtubules are first polymerized then organized into the cortical array. In the course of normal root axis development, microtubules appear at the cortex of post-mitotic cells in random orientations before the array attains a high degree of order. Lik ...
Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants
... of tomatoes, apples and a number of other fruit species depend on spontaneous cell separation during ripening. Texture in potatoes and pulses reflects the extent of cell separation induced by cooking or processing. ...
... of tomatoes, apples and a number of other fruit species depend on spontaneous cell separation during ripening. Texture in potatoes and pulses reflects the extent of cell separation induced by cooking or processing. ...
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... couplings allow the accumulation of products and reaction intermediates in a confined space. The importance of such phenomena lies partly in the fact that physically associated enzymes or transient multi-enzyme complexes have the potential to exhibit unique catalytic properties in contrast to isolat ...
... couplings allow the accumulation of products and reaction intermediates in a confined space. The importance of such phenomena lies partly in the fact that physically associated enzymes or transient multi-enzyme complexes have the potential to exhibit unique catalytic properties in contrast to isolat ...
Physiology of ionophore transport of potassium and sodium
... and conformational barriers of the valinomycin are low. It is known that valinomycin undergoes conformational changes in different solvents, so crystallisation from different solvents might result in conformationally different complexes in the crystalline form (Simon et al., 1978). It is also highly ...
... and conformational barriers of the valinomycin are low. It is known that valinomycin undergoes conformational changes in different solvents, so crystallisation from different solvents might result in conformationally different complexes in the crystalline form (Simon et al., 1978). It is also highly ...
Myosin X is a downstream effector of PI(3)K during phagocytosis articles
... (Fig. 5b). The persistence of some degree of Myo10 tail staining in the phagosome, despite the presence of WM, may be caused by its relatively high level of expression. This may also explain the constitutive association of Myo10 tail with areas of plasma membrane that were not actively engaged in ph ...
... (Fig. 5b). The persistence of some degree of Myo10 tail staining in the phagosome, despite the presence of WM, may be caused by its relatively high level of expression. This may also explain the constitutive association of Myo10 tail with areas of plasma membrane that were not actively engaged in ph ...
Structural Influences: Cholesterol, Drug, and Proton Binding to Full
... has been observed, and it was suggested that it could have been induced by heterogeneity in helix packing (44). In other words, it is not expected that a single set of rotameric states represents the native structure at even the low temperatures used here. Although no significant pH dependence in th ...
... has been observed, and it was suggested that it could have been induced by heterogeneity in helix packing (44). In other words, it is not expected that a single set of rotameric states represents the native structure at even the low temperatures used here. Although no significant pH dependence in th ...
Probing cytoplasmic viscosity in the confined geometry of
... provides excellent imaging capabilities. Furthermore, this model plant is particularly relevant for studies of drought tolerance [6–9], and for bio-technological applications [8, 10–12]. Nevertheless, in order to develop a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of plant cell growth, it is import ...
... provides excellent imaging capabilities. Furthermore, this model plant is particularly relevant for studies of drought tolerance [6–9], and for bio-technological applications [8, 10–12]. Nevertheless, in order to develop a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of plant cell growth, it is import ...
2. Which muscles are in the superficial layer?
... Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of the thumb ...
... Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of the thumb ...
Extensor Compartment of the Forearm Deep layer
... inserts into the extensor expansion of the index finger extends the index finger, enabling independent extension helps extend the hand at the wrist ...
... inserts into the extensor expansion of the index finger extends the index finger, enabling independent extension helps extend the hand at the wrist ...
Boron Functions in Plants: Looking Beyond the
... processes, which might encourage boronists to look for other B functions not strictly related with cell walls or envelopes. The fact that most plant B is required for developing tissues rather than for mature organs (Raven, 1980), and that Sommer and Sorokin (1928) described long ago that the first ...
... processes, which might encourage boronists to look for other B functions not strictly related with cell walls or envelopes. The fact that most plant B is required for developing tissues rather than for mature organs (Raven, 1980), and that Sommer and Sorokin (1928) described long ago that the first ...
Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in plants
... RKXRK) and di-aromatic motifs in the cytosolic tail of transmembrane proteins were reported to be important for the export of proteins from the ER in yeast and animals [68]. The first evidence for a di-acidic motif (DAE) in protein export from the ER in plants was obtained for a sugar transporter in ...
... RKXRK) and di-aromatic motifs in the cytosolic tail of transmembrane proteins were reported to be important for the export of proteins from the ER in yeast and animals [68]. The first evidence for a di-acidic motif (DAE) in protein export from the ER in plants was obtained for a sugar transporter in ...
Plant Cell Walls: Basics of Structure, Chemistry, Accessibility and the
... D-mannopyranose and D-glucopyranose units. Hemicelluloses are amorphous, branched, single-chain polysaccharides and are not particularly recalcitrant to conversion. Hemicellulose chains are thought to interact with more than one cellulose fibril so that they form non-covalent cross-links between cel ...
... D-mannopyranose and D-glucopyranose units. Hemicelluloses are amorphous, branched, single-chain polysaccharides and are not particularly recalcitrant to conversion. Hemicellulose chains are thought to interact with more than one cellulose fibril so that they form non-covalent cross-links between cel ...
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... for 24 h in 10% formol/saline or 95% ethanol. Where appropriate, exocoelomic and amniotic fluids and foetal blood were collected and tested for the presence of heterologous proteins by means of the interfacial ring test and in some cases immunoelectrophoresis. Subsequent dehydration, clearing and em ...
... for 24 h in 10% formol/saline or 95% ethanol. Where appropriate, exocoelomic and amniotic fluids and foetal blood were collected and tested for the presence of heterologous proteins by means of the interfacial ring test and in some cases immunoelectrophoresis. Subsequent dehydration, clearing and em ...
Cadherins constitute a superfamily of transmembrane - HAL
... adherens junctions, this model is particularly of interest since it is supported by some of disparate results for adherens junctions. In particular, it is in agreement with the X-ray and electron microscopy results which demonstrate that the EC1 dimer is central to homotypic cadherin interaction. It ...
... adherens junctions, this model is particularly of interest since it is supported by some of disparate results for adherens junctions. In particular, it is in agreement with the X-ray and electron microscopy results which demonstrate that the EC1 dimer is central to homotypic cadherin interaction. It ...
trisphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain
... cell survival (Stephens et al., 1998). However, PtdInsspecific cellular functions, especially PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-induced molecular activation and signaling events, are not fully understood. The Phox homology (PX) domain is named after its presence in the p40phox and p47phox subunits of the NADPH oxidas ...
... cell survival (Stephens et al., 1998). However, PtdInsspecific cellular functions, especially PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-induced molecular activation and signaling events, are not fully understood. The Phox homology (PX) domain is named after its presence in the p40phox and p47phox subunits of the NADPH oxidas ...
Lats kinase is involved in the intestinal apical
... VC590 worms (wts-1 heterozygotes) at 100 μg/ml, with either the pRF4 selection marker or the sur-5::gfp fluorescence marker. ...
... VC590 worms (wts-1 heterozygotes) at 100 μg/ml, with either the pRF4 selection marker or the sur-5::gfp fluorescence marker. ...
Formation of Helical Hairpins during Membrane Protein Integration
... Keywords: membrane protein; protein structure; glycosylation; transmembrane helix; helical hairpin ...
... Keywords: membrane protein; protein structure; glycosylation; transmembrane helix; helical hairpin ...
Protein Prenylation: Genes, Enzymes, Targets, and Functions
... Annu. Rev. Genet. 1992.26:209-237. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Medical Research Council-Cambridge UK on 11/21/06. For personal use only. ...
... Annu. Rev. Genet. 1992.26:209-237. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Medical Research Council-Cambridge UK on 11/21/06. For personal use only. ...
Subcellular Localization and Functional Analysis
... Membrane trafficking plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic cell biology. Of the numerous known or predicted protein components of the plant cell trafficking system, only a relatively small subset have been characterized with respect to their biological roles in plant growth, development, and respon ...
... Membrane trafficking plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic cell biology. Of the numerous known or predicted protein components of the plant cell trafficking system, only a relatively small subset have been characterized with respect to their biological roles in plant growth, development, and respon ...
Hitting the Sweet Spot-Glycans as Targets of Fungal Defense
... highly basic and cysteine-stabilized defensin-like proteins, AntiFungal Protein (AFP) from Aspergillus giganteus [23], Penicillium Antifungal Protein (PAF) from Penicillium chrysogenum [24], Bubble Protein (BP) from Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx and their homologs in other ascomycetes [25]. Def ...
... highly basic and cysteine-stabilized defensin-like proteins, AntiFungal Protein (AFP) from Aspergillus giganteus [23], Penicillium Antifungal Protein (PAF) from Penicillium chrysogenum [24], Bubble Protein (BP) from Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx and their homologs in other ascomycetes [25]. Def ...
Phospholipase A2 s in Cell Injury and Death
... bromoenol lactone (BEL, a specific inhibitor of iPLA2) then it is likely that cPLA2 but not iPLA2 isoforms are involved in the process (Balsinde et al., 1999). The reason most inhibitors of cPLA2 can inhibit iPLA2 is both isoforms have a serine in their active site and these inhibitors contain a ser ...
... bromoenol lactone (BEL, a specific inhibitor of iPLA2) then it is likely that cPLA2 but not iPLA2 isoforms are involved in the process (Balsinde et al., 1999). The reason most inhibitors of cPLA2 can inhibit iPLA2 is both isoforms have a serine in their active site and these inhibitors contain a ser ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
... Lactic acid is the major end-product of glycolysis by Streptococcus mutans under conditions of sugar excess or low environmental pH. However, the mechanism of lactic acid excretion by S. mutans is unknown. To characterize lactic acid efflux in 5. mutans the transmembrane movement of radiolabelled la ...
... Lactic acid is the major end-product of glycolysis by Streptococcus mutans under conditions of sugar excess or low environmental pH. However, the mechanism of lactic acid excretion by S. mutans is unknown. To characterize lactic acid efflux in 5. mutans the transmembrane movement of radiolabelled la ...
Electron Microscopy of the Heart in a Case of Primary Cardiac
... ances suggested that amyloid was in direct contact membrane of the capillaries. In some areas the with the capillary lumen. capillary basement membrane appeared to have A few cells of the macrophage type were seen in disappeared and amyloid seemed to be in contact the connective tissues but no intra ...
... ances suggested that amyloid was in direct contact membrane of the capillaries. In some areas the with the capillary lumen. capillary basement membrane appeared to have A few cells of the macrophage type were seen in disappeared and amyloid seemed to be in contact the connective tissues but no intra ...
Autophagy in Plasmodium, a multifunctional pathway?
... The Plasmodium parasite has evolved distinctive biological mechanisms to invade and replicate within different cell types in both the mosquito vector and mammalian host as part of its life cycle. It is necessary to understand Plasmodium biology if one is to study autophagy in the context of this uni ...
... The Plasmodium parasite has evolved distinctive biological mechanisms to invade and replicate within different cell types in both the mosquito vector and mammalian host as part of its life cycle. It is necessary to understand Plasmodium biology if one is to study autophagy in the context of this uni ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.