Bacterial tail anchors can target to the mitochondrial outer
... translocon may not be warranted in any case, since the structural characteristics likely ...
... translocon may not be warranted in any case, since the structural characteristics likely ...
Development of the Pharynx - eCurriculum
... PT3 movement is driven by movement of thymus, which drags the superior part of pouch 3 with it. Although there are 2 inferior parathyroid glands in the adult, there is only 1 thymus gland. Right and left primordial thymuses move medially where they fuse. Pouch 4: At least 2 parts. Upper forms superi ...
... PT3 movement is driven by movement of thymus, which drags the superior part of pouch 3 with it. Although there are 2 inferior parathyroid glands in the adult, there is only 1 thymus gland. Right and left primordial thymuses move medially where they fuse. Pouch 4: At least 2 parts. Upper forms superi ...
Membrane Bistability in Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells
... depolarization and the steady-state voltage (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952). Thus, when the rate of depolarization from the downstate was sufficiently high, an action potential was initiated from the ramp, and the membrane potential was reset to the downstate, without generation of the upstate. A positiv ...
... depolarization and the steady-state voltage (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952). Thus, when the rate of depolarization from the downstate was sufficiently high, an action potential was initiated from the ramp, and the membrane potential was reset to the downstate, without generation of the upstate. A positiv ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
... Lactic acid is the major end-product of glycolysis by Streptococcus mutans under conditions of sugar excess or low environmental pH. However, the mechanism of lactic acid excretion by S. mutans is unknown. To characterize lactic acid efflux in 5. mutans the transmembrane movement of radiolabelled la ...
... Lactic acid is the major end-product of glycolysis by Streptococcus mutans under conditions of sugar excess or low environmental pH. However, the mechanism of lactic acid excretion by S. mutans is unknown. To characterize lactic acid efflux in 5. mutans the transmembrane movement of radiolabelled la ...
Wastewater Microbiology Process Control
... Slime Bulking • There is a condition in wastewater treatment often called slime bulking. • Occurs when bacteria “over-produce” the lipopolysaccharide normally found outside the bacteria cell wall. • Found most often in industrial wastewater treatment systems, but may also occur in municipal systems ...
... Slime Bulking • There is a condition in wastewater treatment often called slime bulking. • Occurs when bacteria “over-produce” the lipopolysaccharide normally found outside the bacteria cell wall. • Found most often in industrial wastewater treatment systems, but may also occur in municipal systems ...
Prolyl isomerases are important determinants of intracellular pH
... homeostasis is ion transport, which is maintained through the regular and continuous input and output of ions between the different cellular compartments and the extracellular environment. Thus at the end the balance of each ion is optimized with the requirements of the cell in every compartment. Th ...
... homeostasis is ion transport, which is maintained through the regular and continuous input and output of ions between the different cellular compartments and the extracellular environment. Thus at the end the balance of each ion is optimized with the requirements of the cell in every compartment. Th ...
Arabidopsis RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER
... DP1/Yop1 in generating tubular ER network (Hu et al., 2009). In Arabidopsis, a Yop1 homolog has been identified as HVA22d, which has been suggested to function as a negative regulator of autophagy (Chen et al., 2009). We found that HVA22d–YFP was also localized to the tubular ER network and was conc ...
... DP1/Yop1 in generating tubular ER network (Hu et al., 2009). In Arabidopsis, a Yop1 homolog has been identified as HVA22d, which has been suggested to function as a negative regulator of autophagy (Chen et al., 2009). We found that HVA22d–YFP was also localized to the tubular ER network and was conc ...
Geometrical constraints in the scaling relationships between
... relationship between nuclear volume and GS. As these are measured in volume units and mass units, they should correspond linearly to each other and their scaling exponent should consequently be 1 (prediction 1). Further, cell size should scale with nuclear volume and hence with GS. The simplest poss ...
... relationship between nuclear volume and GS. As these are measured in volume units and mass units, they should correspond linearly to each other and their scaling exponent should consequently be 1 (prediction 1). Further, cell size should scale with nuclear volume and hence with GS. The simplest poss ...
Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and
... as creep in the mechanical sense is useful for designing experiments to measure it, but is probably not very useful for understanding what is happening inside a cell wall while it extends. For this, it is not enough to consider the cell wall as a material. We need to know not only how its component ...
... as creep in the mechanical sense is useful for designing experiments to measure it, but is probably not very useful for understanding what is happening inside a cell wall while it extends. For this, it is not enough to consider the cell wall as a material. We need to know not only how its component ...
Functional Analysis of Subunit e of the F1Fo
... CN-PAGE analysis of F1Fo-ATP synthase complexes. Mitochondria (200 g of protein) were lysed with 36 l of digitonin buffer (34 mM potassium acetate, 34 mM HEPES-KOH [pH 7.4], 11.4% glycerol, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and various concentrations of digitonin (as indicated) for 30 min on ice ...
... CN-PAGE analysis of F1Fo-ATP synthase complexes. Mitochondria (200 g of protein) were lysed with 36 l of digitonin buffer (34 mM potassium acetate, 34 mM HEPES-KOH [pH 7.4], 11.4% glycerol, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and various concentrations of digitonin (as indicated) for 30 min on ice ...
Lecture 9 - Fatty Acid Metabolism
... Lower production of acetic and butyric acids in the rumen caused less fat production in mammary gland. The greater proportionate production in rumen increases the blood insulin, which partitions nutrients away from the mammary gland. A more current theory is that the combination of high grain ...
... Lower production of acetic and butyric acids in the rumen caused less fat production in mammary gland. The greater proportionate production in rumen increases the blood insulin, which partitions nutrients away from the mammary gland. A more current theory is that the combination of high grain ...
Cell division and leaf morphogenesis - Development
... Mironov et al., 1999). One conclusion from this work has been that although the plant cell cycle shows many similarities with that found in other eukaryotes, differences are also apparent. In particular, genome sequencing strategies have revealed a plethora of genes encoding putative components of t ...
... Mironov et al., 1999). One conclusion from this work has been that although the plant cell cycle shows many similarities with that found in other eukaryotes, differences are also apparent. In particular, genome sequencing strategies have revealed a plethora of genes encoding putative components of t ...
Calcium channel dynamics limit synaptic release in response to prosthetic... sinusoidal waveforms
... frequency was dependent on intra-axonal resistance, with shorter and wider axons yielding higher cutoff frequencies. However, we found that the cutoff frequency of bipolar cell synaptic release was primarily limited by the relatively slow opening kinetics of L- and T-type calcium channels. The cutof ...
... frequency was dependent on intra-axonal resistance, with shorter and wider axons yielding higher cutoff frequencies. However, we found that the cutoff frequency of bipolar cell synaptic release was primarily limited by the relatively slow opening kinetics of L- and T-type calcium channels. The cutof ...
The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision
... of that in the kidney. To explore this possibility, we infected cultured human and bovine RPE with enveloped viruses whose progeny bud from specific membrane domains (Rodriguez-Boulan and Sabatini, 1978), as dictated by the sorting of their envelope glycoproteins (Rodriguez-Boulan and Pendergast, 19 ...
... of that in the kidney. To explore this possibility, we infected cultured human and bovine RPE with enveloped viruses whose progeny bud from specific membrane domains (Rodriguez-Boulan and Sabatini, 1978), as dictated by the sorting of their envelope glycoproteins (Rodriguez-Boulan and Pendergast, 19 ...
spatial control of cell expansion by the plant cytoskeleton
... Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; email: [email protected] ...
... Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; email: [email protected] ...
Asymmetric Cell Division as a Route to Reduction in Cell Length
... corset of closely packed subpellicular microtubules (Angelopoulos 1970) that are linked to each other and to the plasma membrane (Hemphill et al. 1991). The only hole in the array of subpellicular microtubules occurs at the point at which the flagellum emerges from the cell body (Hemphill et al. 199 ...
... corset of closely packed subpellicular microtubules (Angelopoulos 1970) that are linked to each other and to the plasma membrane (Hemphill et al. 1991). The only hole in the array of subpellicular microtubules occurs at the point at which the flagellum emerges from the cell body (Hemphill et al. 199 ...
A Biological Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Response to Osmotic
... The word “cell” originates from Latin cella, which means “small room”. It was applied for the first time by Hooke in his book Micrographia in September 1665. There are 10 to perhaps 100 million distinct life forms in the world [1, 32], many of which consist of various types of cells. Although differ ...
... The word “cell” originates from Latin cella, which means “small room”. It was applied for the first time by Hooke in his book Micrographia in September 1665. There are 10 to perhaps 100 million distinct life forms in the world [1, 32], many of which consist of various types of cells. Although differ ...
The dendritic cell side of the immunological synapse
... cells. In T cells, these contacts lead to highly polarized membrane trafficking that results in the local release of lytic granules and in the delivery and recycling of T cell receptors at the immunological synapse. Localized trafficking also occurs at the APC side of the immunological synapse, espe ...
... cells. In T cells, these contacts lead to highly polarized membrane trafficking that results in the local release of lytic granules and in the delivery and recycling of T cell receptors at the immunological synapse. Localized trafficking also occurs at the APC side of the immunological synapse, espe ...
Cardiolipin-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamics and
... DRPs nor other components of the mitochondrial fusion apparatus have been identified in plants. Plant mitochondria do fuse (Logan, 2010), which may indicate the existence of a weak and plant-specific mitochondrial fusion machinery. Cardiolipin (CL) is a key component of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ...
... DRPs nor other components of the mitochondrial fusion apparatus have been identified in plants. Plant mitochondria do fuse (Logan, 2010), which may indicate the existence of a weak and plant-specific mitochondrial fusion machinery. Cardiolipin (CL) is a key component of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ...
Structure and Nanostructure of the Outer Tangential Epidermal Cell
... In plants, the epidermal cell wall reduces the uncontrolled loss of water and apoplastic solutes; forms a mechanical barrier against penetration by fungal hyphae; protects tissue from mechanical damage; reflects and attenuates radiation; acts as an accumulation compartment for lipophilic compounds, ...
... In plants, the epidermal cell wall reduces the uncontrolled loss of water and apoplastic solutes; forms a mechanical barrier against penetration by fungal hyphae; protects tissue from mechanical damage; reflects and attenuates radiation; acts as an accumulation compartment for lipophilic compounds, ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... presence of an ADZ during cytokinesis is not critical for phragmoplast guidance, but that the ADZ and/or PPB F-actin plays an important role in the establishment of the cortical division site. The Arabidopsis kinesin KCA1 is as a second negative marker of the cortical division site. In tobacco BY-2 ...
... presence of an ADZ during cytokinesis is not critical for phragmoplast guidance, but that the ADZ and/or PPB F-actin plays an important role in the establishment of the cortical division site. The Arabidopsis kinesin KCA1 is as a second negative marker of the cortical division site. In tobacco BY-2 ...
Dissection 9: Pharynx, Larynx, and Ear
... iii. Vocal folds are the true vocal cords and they control sound production/tone. Each vocal fold consists of a vocal ligament and a vocalis muscle. Besides phonation, they also serve as the main sphincter of the respiratory tract when they are tightly closed (e.g. completely adducted). iv. Muscular ...
... iii. Vocal folds are the true vocal cords and they control sound production/tone. Each vocal fold consists of a vocal ligament and a vocalis muscle. Besides phonation, they also serve as the main sphincter of the respiratory tract when they are tightly closed (e.g. completely adducted). iv. Muscular ...
Electrical Signaling
... Using Ions as Messengers • Important things to recall (and understand): – ions are just atoms with a charge, – membrane potentials are established by ionic charges (electrochemical gradients), – changes in charge can affect membrane proteins such as channels, – other membrane channels allow for ion ...
... Using Ions as Messengers • Important things to recall (and understand): – ions are just atoms with a charge, – membrane potentials are established by ionic charges (electrochemical gradients), – changes in charge can affect membrane proteins such as channels, – other membrane channels allow for ion ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.