Acanthamoeba polyphaga Intracellular Infection of
... disruption of the LCP is independent of the hydrolytic enzymes exported by the type II secretion system. intracellular infection, the pore-forming activity of L. pneumophila facilitates lysis of the host cell and bacterial egress (6, 34–36). It has been proposed that bacterial egress may occur in tw ...
... disruption of the LCP is independent of the hydrolytic enzymes exported by the type II secretion system. intracellular infection, the pore-forming activity of L. pneumophila facilitates lysis of the host cell and bacterial egress (6, 34–36). It has been proposed that bacterial egress may occur in tw ...
Basemnent Membrane Changes in Myocardial and
... Myocardial and skeletal muscle tissues from an animal, which received similar treatment to induce hypothroidism but did not develop clinical evidence of myxedema, did not appear abnormal nor was thickening of basement membrane observed. The average widths of basement membranes of all dogs studied fo ...
... Myocardial and skeletal muscle tissues from an animal, which received similar treatment to induce hypothroidism but did not develop clinical evidence of myxedema, did not appear abnormal nor was thickening of basement membrane observed. The average widths of basement membranes of all dogs studied fo ...
Chemical Effectors of Plant Endocytosis and Endomembrane
... Multiple endomembrane trafficking pathways have been elucidated in animal systems of which clathrin-dependent endocytosis is most widely studied. Clathrinindependent pathways, including caveolae/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, fluidphase endocytosis, and phagocytosis have also been investigated in ...
... Multiple endomembrane trafficking pathways have been elucidated in animal systems of which clathrin-dependent endocytosis is most widely studied. Clathrinindependent pathways, including caveolae/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, fluidphase endocytosis, and phagocytosis have also been investigated in ...
Effects of Single Amino Acid Substitution on the Biophysical
... whose sole target is the biomembrane [12,13]. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes have different structures and functions. Prokaryotic membranes have a high negative net charge and are predominantly composed of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), or phosphatidylserine (PS). In contras ...
... whose sole target is the biomembrane [12,13]. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes have different structures and functions. Prokaryotic membranes have a high negative net charge and are predominantly composed of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), or phosphatidylserine (PS). In contras ...
endocytosis and exocytosis of gold nanoparticles
... for the active uptake [35]. It was reported that 45 nm Au NPs entered the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while nanoparticles smaller than 13 nm came mostly through phagocytosis [20]. Receptors internalized by nanoparticles via endocytosis can be recycled back to the membrane. Also they can ...
... for the active uptake [35]. It was reported that 45 nm Au NPs entered the cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while nanoparticles smaller than 13 nm came mostly through phagocytosis [20]. Receptors internalized by nanoparticles via endocytosis can be recycled back to the membrane. Also they can ...
Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes and Tight
... proteins can be distinguished in desmosomes: i) plakoglobin and plakophilins, which belong to the armadillo repeat protein family that also includes -catenin and p120ctn, and ii) desmoplakin, envoplakin, periplakin and plectin from the plakin family. As keratinocytes move through the epidermal laye ...
... proteins can be distinguished in desmosomes: i) plakoglobin and plakophilins, which belong to the armadillo repeat protein family that also includes -catenin and p120ctn, and ii) desmoplakin, envoplakin, periplakin and plectin from the plakin family. As keratinocytes move through the epidermal laye ...
Two-step and one-step secretion mechanisms in Gram
... envelope. These various machineries fulfil a wide variety of functions but are also essential for pathogenic bacteria to infect human or plant cells. Secretion systems, of which there are seven, utilize one of two secretion mechanisms: (i) the onestep mechanism, whereby substrates are translocated d ...
... envelope. These various machineries fulfil a wide variety of functions but are also essential for pathogenic bacteria to infect human or plant cells. Secretion systems, of which there are seven, utilize one of two secretion mechanisms: (i) the onestep mechanism, whereby substrates are translocated d ...
Actin microfilaments in fungi
... that as the septal band contracts it pulls the plasma membrane inwards. As such, cytokinesis in fungi is similar to the process in animals and differs from that in plants where F-actin and microtubules form the phragmoplast. It is also possible that F-actin plays a role in the transport of vesicles ...
... that as the septal band contracts it pulls the plasma membrane inwards. As such, cytokinesis in fungi is similar to the process in animals and differs from that in plants where F-actin and microtubules form the phragmoplast. It is also possible that F-actin plays a role in the transport of vesicles ...
2) A dynamic cell adhesion surface regulates tissue architecture in
... cell division misalignment might directly result in the failure to form columns, it was not possible to determine whether additional defects in either cell body alignment or cell rearrangement were also present. To address the limitations of fixed tissue methods and to expand the depth of mechanist ...
... cell division misalignment might directly result in the failure to form columns, it was not possible to determine whether additional defects in either cell body alignment or cell rearrangement were also present. To address the limitations of fixed tissue methods and to expand the depth of mechanist ...
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... (Hammami et al., 2009; Pelegrini et al., 2011). Among them, Temporins are relatively small AMPs (10 to 14 amino acids) found in skin secretions of amphibians (Ghiselli et al., 2002; Mangoni et al., 2006), that have net positive charge at neutral pH, and an amidated C-terminus. This family of peptide ...
... (Hammami et al., 2009; Pelegrini et al., 2011). Among them, Temporins are relatively small AMPs (10 to 14 amino acids) found in skin secretions of amphibians (Ghiselli et al., 2002; Mangoni et al., 2006), that have net positive charge at neutral pH, and an amidated C-terminus. This family of peptide ...
Transmembrane Fragment Structures of Amyloid Precursor Protein
... derived from the PDB structures (orange lines in Figure 5) lead to a significantly shorter average distance. Interestingly, the distances reported for the WT peptide in 1:4 POPG:POPC lipid vesicles6 are consistent with a more modest bend near a hinge located at G37/G3814 and in agreement with our sim ...
... derived from the PDB structures (orange lines in Figure 5) lead to a significantly shorter average distance. Interestingly, the distances reported for the WT peptide in 1:4 POPG:POPC lipid vesicles6 are consistent with a more modest bend near a hinge located at G37/G3814 and in agreement with our sim ...
Scavenging of 14-3-3 proteins reveals their involvement in the cell
... of endogenous 14-3-3 proteins using an artificial 14-3-3scavenger protein. This was constructed (Fig. 1A) by fusion of protein G, the tetramer-forming coiled-coil domain pLI (Harbury et al., 1993) and the R18 peptide that binds 14-3-3 proteins with high affinity (Wang et al., 1999). We refer to this ...
... of endogenous 14-3-3 proteins using an artificial 14-3-3scavenger protein. This was constructed (Fig. 1A) by fusion of protein G, the tetramer-forming coiled-coil domain pLI (Harbury et al., 1993) and the R18 peptide that binds 14-3-3 proteins with high affinity (Wang et al., 1999). We refer to this ...
A-new-precipitation-technique-provides-evidence-for-the
... walls are highly complex; that is, they contain cellulose and matrix materials such as hemicellulose, pectic substances and structural proteins (Peterson & Cholewa 1998). The pectic substances are made of galacturonic acids entities with –COOH groups, which are responsible for the overall negative f ...
... walls are highly complex; that is, they contain cellulose and matrix materials such as hemicellulose, pectic substances and structural proteins (Peterson & Cholewa 1998). The pectic substances are made of galacturonic acids entities with –COOH groups, which are responsible for the overall negative f ...
Cell Injury
... Generation of ROS • Oxidation - reduction reactions • Absorption of radiant energy • Rapid bursts of ROS produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation • Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs • Transition metals - iron and copper ...
... Generation of ROS • Oxidation - reduction reactions • Absorption of radiant energy • Rapid bursts of ROS produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation • Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs • Transition metals - iron and copper ...
Protein 4.1, a component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton and
... with both proteins can be modulated by various factors, such as the binding of calmodulin-Ca2+ to protein 4.1R [92, 129] or the phosphorylation of protein 4.1R [59, 103]. In the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin reduces the affinity of protein 4.1R for the spectrin-actin complex and decreases the membran ...
... with both proteins can be modulated by various factors, such as the binding of calmodulin-Ca2+ to protein 4.1R [92, 129] or the phosphorylation of protein 4.1R [59, 103]. In the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin reduces the affinity of protein 4.1R for the spectrin-actin complex and decreases the membran ...
DRP1 family in cytokinesis and cell expansion
... recycling. Using a functional green fluorescent protein fusion protein, we show that the distribution of ADL1A is dynamic and that the protein is localized asymmetrically to the plasma membrane of newly formed and mature root cells. We propose that ADL1-mediated membrane recycling is essential for p ...
... recycling. Using a functional green fluorescent protein fusion protein, we show that the distribution of ADL1A is dynamic and that the protein is localized asymmetrically to the plasma membrane of newly formed and mature root cells. We propose that ADL1-mediated membrane recycling is essential for p ...
Modulation of T cell signaling by the actin cytoskeleton
... CD45 (also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C). All signaling events must be coordinated in time and space to achieve accurate T cell activation, and each of these activities is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is a filamentous network known to provide m ...
... CD45 (also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C). All signaling events must be coordinated in time and space to achieve accurate T cell activation, and each of these activities is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is a filamentous network known to provide m ...
Module 13: The Endocrine System: Hormones and Receptors
... lower the height of the basket (increase receptor sensitivity) We can also do the opposite to decrease the number of shots that they make by taking a ball and a basket away, and raising the height of the basket. It is not necessary to do all three in order to drastically affect the outcome of the ho ...
... lower the height of the basket (increase receptor sensitivity) We can also do the opposite to decrease the number of shots that they make by taking a ball and a basket away, and raising the height of the basket. It is not necessary to do all three in order to drastically affect the outcome of the ho ...
Annexins: multifunctional components of growth and adaptation
... 1991; Balasubramanian et al., 2001). In plants, hydrophobic interactions are also involved in membrane binding. AnxCa32 attachment to membranes involves the hydrogen bonding of several amino acid residues to the phospholipid headgroup and glycerol backbone (Dabitz et al., 2005). Site-directed mutage ...
... 1991; Balasubramanian et al., 2001). In plants, hydrophobic interactions are also involved in membrane binding. AnxCa32 attachment to membranes involves the hydrogen bonding of several amino acid residues to the phospholipid headgroup and glycerol backbone (Dabitz et al., 2005). Site-directed mutage ...
Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures
... 3. Air enters the nose through the external nares. Then the air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, and into the lungs. 4. From top to bottom: Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura, Pleural cavity 5. Covers the surface of the lungs. 6. Lines the mediastinum, the d ...
... 3. Air enters the nose through the external nares. Then the air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, and into the lungs. 4. From top to bottom: Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura, Pleural cavity 5. Covers the surface of the lungs. 6. Lines the mediastinum, the d ...
Hypothetical photosensory structure in ciliated protozoan, Blepharisma
... corresponding to TBS were observed in the space between the ectocyst and the plasma membrane (Fig. 4E, ref. Fig. 7B-2). The formation of endocyst-1 (en-1) is followed by the formation of several layers of endocyst, the precursor of which is probably supplied by a periodic excretion into the space be ...
... corresponding to TBS were observed in the space between the ectocyst and the plasma membrane (Fig. 4E, ref. Fig. 7B-2). The formation of endocyst-1 (en-1) is followed by the formation of several layers of endocyst, the precursor of which is probably supplied by a periodic excretion into the space be ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 3. Air enters the nose through the external nares. Then the air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, and into the lungs. 4. From top to bottom: Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura, Pleural cavity 5. Covers the surface of the lungs. 6. Lines the mediastinum, the d ...
... 3. Air enters the nose through the external nares. Then the air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, and into the lungs. 4. From top to bottom: Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura, Pleural cavity 5. Covers the surface of the lungs. 6. Lines the mediastinum, the d ...
Synergy and duality in peptide antibiotic mechanisms Dewey G
... Magainin 2 and PGLa are members of the magainin family of cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by Xenopus laevis. Separately, the peptides exhibit broad spectrum antibiotic activity without significant toxicity or hemolysis in humans and are therefore promising therapeutic candidates [20]. Both ...
... Magainin 2 and PGLa are members of the magainin family of cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by Xenopus laevis. Separately, the peptides exhibit broad spectrum antibiotic activity without significant toxicity or hemolysis in humans and are therefore promising therapeutic candidates [20]. Both ...
The hypersensitive response and the induction of cell death in plants
... et al, 1994). Such rapid responses could make detection of intermediate steps almost impossible using fixed tissues. As yet there is no specific molecular or cytological marker in plants which would allow clear discrimination between necrosis and the HR. Therefore recent investigations have often ap ...
... et al, 1994). Such rapid responses could make detection of intermediate steps almost impossible using fixed tissues. As yet there is no specific molecular or cytological marker in plants which would allow clear discrimination between necrosis and the HR. Therefore recent investigations have often ap ...
role of potassium in human and animal nutrition 2
... Electrolyte concentration is the same in both sides of the cell membrane net movement of water is equal ...
... Electrolyte concentration is the same in both sides of the cell membrane net movement of water is equal ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.