Topic 17 specification content - A
... I can describe the nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions of water, alcohols, ammonia and primary amines with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides and outline the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions of acyl chlorides with water, alcohols, ammonia and primary amines ...
... I can describe the nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions of water, alcohols, ammonia and primary amines with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides and outline the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition–elimination reactions of acyl chlorides with water, alcohols, ammonia and primary amines ...
thiols and sulfides.
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate via Esterification
... Heat the flask with stirring on a hot sand bath, and boil the reaction mixture. Stirring the mixture prevents it from bumping. As an option, you might hold a thermometer just above the boiling liquid and note a temperature of about 91°C. Remove the thermometer and allow the reaction mixture to reflu ...
... Heat the flask with stirring on a hot sand bath, and boil the reaction mixture. Stirring the mixture prevents it from bumping. As an option, you might hold a thermometer just above the boiling liquid and note a temperature of about 91°C. Remove the thermometer and allow the reaction mixture to reflu ...
Abstract OXIDATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS AND CYCLIZATIONS
... This thesis deals with the catalytic oxidative transformations of various functional groups and oxidative cyclization leading to heterocycles mediated by halogen based reagents. Chapter I deals with the importance of halogens in organic reactions, emphasizing more on their use for oxidative transfor ...
... This thesis deals with the catalytic oxidative transformations of various functional groups and oxidative cyclization leading to heterocycles mediated by halogen based reagents. Chapter I deals with the importance of halogens in organic reactions, emphasizing more on their use for oxidative transfor ...
3.8 Aldehydes and ketones
... In practise, KCN is added. This is because HCN is a weak acid (partially dissociates) giving a low [CN-] ...
... In practise, KCN is added. This is because HCN is a weak acid (partially dissociates) giving a low [CN-] ...
File
... • We can stop at OH to HO (aldehydes), • But the oxidizing agent is powerful and will continue unless we stop it. • 1) Use excess Alcohol reagent, so all the KMNO4 / K2Cr2O7 is used up • 2) Remove the Aldehyde as it forms via ...
... • We can stop at OH to HO (aldehydes), • But the oxidizing agent is powerful and will continue unless we stop it. • 1) Use excess Alcohol reagent, so all the KMNO4 / K2Cr2O7 is used up • 2) Remove the Aldehyde as it forms via ...
Reactions to know from Chapters 17, 18, 19
... The first step is an acid base reaction between the carboxylic acid and the amine. In the second step, heat is applied expelling a water molecule (O from the carboxylic acid, 2H from the amine), and the amide bond is formed. 9. a) Hydrolysis of an ester with an acid catalyst H3O+ ...
... The first step is an acid base reaction between the carboxylic acid and the amine. In the second step, heat is applied expelling a water molecule (O from the carboxylic acid, 2H from the amine), and the amide bond is formed. 9. a) Hydrolysis of an ester with an acid catalyst H3O+ ...
Williamson Ether Synthesis
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
7-1 EXPERIMENT 7: Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds – Achiral
... In this experiment, a ketoester will be reduced with and without chiral reagents. The milder reducing agent, NaBH4, will be used to produce the racemic mixture since LiAlH4 would cause reductions at both carbonyl groups (a ketone and an ester) of the starting material. This reaction involves the for ...
... In this experiment, a ketoester will be reduced with and without chiral reagents. The milder reducing agent, NaBH4, will be used to produce the racemic mixture since LiAlH4 would cause reductions at both carbonyl groups (a ketone and an ester) of the starting material. This reaction involves the for ...
Alcohols, Ethers,and Thiols by Dr.Alaa J. Mahrath
... 5.4.What Are the Structures, Names, and Properties of Ethers? The functional group of an ether is an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms. Common names are derived by listing the alkyl groups bonded to oxygen in alphabetical order and adding the word ether. Cyclic Ethers : An ether in which the ...
... 5.4.What Are the Structures, Names, and Properties of Ethers? The functional group of an ether is an atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms. Common names are derived by listing the alkyl groups bonded to oxygen in alphabetical order and adding the word ether. Cyclic Ethers : An ether in which the ...
6.5. alcohols
... At lower temperatures the rate of reaction is too slow. At higher temperatures the yeast dies and the enzymes denature. Fermentation is done in an absence of air because the presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur. Air oxidises the ethanol produced to ethanoic acid (vinegar). The solution ...
... At lower temperatures the rate of reaction is too slow. At higher temperatures the yeast dies and the enzymes denature. Fermentation is done in an absence of air because the presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur. Air oxidises the ethanol produced to ethanoic acid (vinegar). The solution ...
Palladium Nanoparticles Entrapped in Aluminum Hydroxide: Dual
... within 1 h by 0.2 mol % Pd. A notable exception was 1-(4chlorophenyl)-ethanol; 4-chloroacetophenone was obtained in only 88% yield even after 24 h at 100 °C by 2 mol % Pd in TFT. Aromatic alcohols were oxidized faster than aliphatic ones, and the secondary alcohols were oxidized faster than the prim ...
... within 1 h by 0.2 mol % Pd. A notable exception was 1-(4chlorophenyl)-ethanol; 4-chloroacetophenone was obtained in only 88% yield even after 24 h at 100 °C by 2 mol % Pd in TFT. Aromatic alcohols were oxidized faster than aliphatic ones, and the secondary alcohols were oxidized faster than the prim ...
WRL0437.tmp
... will also be used to distinguish between various alcohols. The Lucas Test utilizes a reagent containing hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride, which converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides. Primary alcohols do not react, secondary alcohols react fairly quickly, and tertiary alcohols react very rapidly. A ...
... will also be used to distinguish between various alcohols. The Lucas Test utilizes a reagent containing hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride, which converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides. Primary alcohols do not react, secondary alcohols react fairly quickly, and tertiary alcohols react very rapidly. A ...
Silica supported zinc chloride catalyzed acetylation of amines
... In the area of green chemistry, the development of heterogeneous catalysts has played an important role, since they offer several advantages such as clean reaction conditions, easy separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, greater selectivity and generally give higher yield of products an ...
... In the area of green chemistry, the development of heterogeneous catalysts has played an important role, since they offer several advantages such as clean reaction conditions, easy separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, greater selectivity and generally give higher yield of products an ...
Chapter 13
... class) an alcohol and an ether given a structural formula. 2. Be able to draw an alcohol and an ether given the name of a compound (given using IUPAC nomenclature rules or common names if given in class). 3. Be able to list six physical properties of alcohols. 4. Be able to list six physical propert ...
... class) an alcohol and an ether given a structural formula. 2. Be able to draw an alcohol and an ether given the name of a compound (given using IUPAC nomenclature rules or common names if given in class). 3. Be able to list six physical properties of alcohols. 4. Be able to list six physical propert ...
Part I Power generation in fuel cells
... stronger than that between A and A and B and B. The molecules in the mixture have a lower escaping tendency and thus have a smaller vapour pressure. For example: a mixture of trichloromethane and ethyl ethanoate. ...
... stronger than that between A and A and B and B. The molecules in the mixture have a lower escaping tendency and thus have a smaller vapour pressure. For example: a mixture of trichloromethane and ethyl ethanoate. ...
Summary of Reactions Which Will Appear on Exams
... Summary of Reactions Which Will Appear on Exams 1. COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS (ALKANES/ALKENES/ALKYNES, etc) CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 ...
... Summary of Reactions Which Will Appear on Exams 1. COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS (ALKANES/ALKENES/ALKYNES, etc) CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 ...
Alcohols, phenols and ethers
... • In general, these kinds of reactions (eliminations) proceed as follows: A-B ...
... • In general, these kinds of reactions (eliminations) proceed as follows: A-B ...
Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate from Acetic Anhydride
... Assemble a microscale chromatography column (see Lab Guide for review), being sure it is clamped in a vertical position. Close the valve, and fill the column with dichloromethane to the bottom of the funnel. Prepare a slurry of 1 g of silica gel in 4 mL of dichloromethane in a small beaker. Stir the ...
... Assemble a microscale chromatography column (see Lab Guide for review), being sure it is clamped in a vertical position. Close the valve, and fill the column with dichloromethane to the bottom of the funnel. Prepare a slurry of 1 g of silica gel in 4 mL of dichloromethane in a small beaker. Stir the ...
Ch. 09 Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides
... Naming Alcohols Attached to Rings • When an OH group is bonded to a ring, the ring is numbered beginning with the OH group. • Because the functional group is at C1, the 1 is usually omitted from the name. • The ring is then numbered in a clockwise or counterclockwise fashion to give the next substi ...
... Naming Alcohols Attached to Rings • When an OH group is bonded to a ring, the ring is numbered beginning with the OH group. • Because the functional group is at C1, the 1 is usually omitted from the name. • The ring is then numbered in a clockwise or counterclockwise fashion to give the next substi ...
Alcohols and Phenols
... group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol Number the chain from the end nearer the hydroxyl group Number substituents according to position on chain, listing the substituents in alphabetical order ...
... group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol Number the chain from the end nearer the hydroxyl group Number substituents according to position on chain, listing the substituents in alphabetical order ...
Alcohols - City University of New York
... discussed earlier as reverse of hydration Secondary and tertiary alcohols, carbocations Protonation, establishing of good leaving group. Elimination of water to yield carbocation in rate determining step. ...
... discussed earlier as reverse of hydration Secondary and tertiary alcohols, carbocations Protonation, establishing of good leaving group. Elimination of water to yield carbocation in rate determining step. ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
... Certain esters can also be prepared by mixing the sodium or potassium salt of the acid with an alkyl halide. This reaction is of very limited scope (it only works with primary alkyl halides, but it does work particularly well with allylic and benzylic compounds), but it has some real synthetic pote ...
... Certain esters can also be prepared by mixing the sodium or potassium salt of the acid with an alkyl halide. This reaction is of very limited scope (it only works with primary alkyl halides, but it does work particularly well with allylic and benzylic compounds), but it has some real synthetic pote ...
Kinetic resolution
In organic chemistry, kinetic resolution is a means of differentiating two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers react with different reaction rates in a chemical reaction with a chiral catalyst or reagent, resulting in an enantioenriched sample of the less reactive enantiomer. As opposed to chiral resolution, kinetic resolution does not rely on different physical properties of diastereomeric products, but rather on the different chemical properties of the racemic starting materials. This enantiomeric excess (ee) of the unreacted starting material continually rises as more product is formed, reaching 100% just before full completion of the reaction. Kinetic resolution relies upon differences in reactivity between enantiomers or enantiomeric complexes. Kinetic resolution is a concept in organic chemistry and can be used for the preparation of chiral molecules in organic synthesis. Kinetic resolution reactions utilizing purely synthetic reagents and catalysts are much less common than the use of enzymatic kinetic resolution in application towards organic synthesis, although a number of useful synthetic techniques have been developed in the past 30 years.