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Macromolecules (Biomolecules)
Macromolecules (Biomolecules)

... 2) List the four major types of Macromolecules that are necessary for life. 3) What is the name given to small molecules that make up larger molecules? 4) Listed below are the names of the four major classes of macromolecules as well as their monomers. Match up the monomer(s) with their parent compo ...
Chapter_17_answers
Chapter_17_answers

...  in transcription, one strand of DNA is the template strand  mRNA is complementary to the template  in RNA code, Uracil takes the place of Thymine o ex: template strand of DNA has ACC … mRNA complement is UGG  codon= triplet of nucleotides that codes for one amino acid o # nucleotides on an mRNA ...
GSLC Protein Synthesis Computer Activity (word)
GSLC Protein Synthesis Computer Activity (word)

... 3. Approximately how many different genes do humans have? ________________________________________ 4. Each gene contains ______________________________________________________________ for making proteins. 5. The protein used as an example in this section is __________________________________________ ...
Protein Synthesis - Manhasset Public Schools
Protein Synthesis - Manhasset Public Schools

... 3) mRNA strand leaves the DNA strand when a “stop codon” is reached 3) the mRNA strand carries the code for the production of one polypeptide (protein) to the ribosome ...
Origin of L-Theanine in the formula LTO3
Origin of L-Theanine in the formula LTO3

... Secondly, we say that our L-Theanine is from a plant origin, because we are talking amino acids here. Indeed, L-Theanine and L-Glutamic are amino acids. L-Glutamic acid is one of the 20 amino acids constitutive of proteins of living matter. The amino acids are molecules containing an acid function. ...
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and Translation

... Each group of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA is a codon. Since there are 4 bases, there are 43 = 64 possible codons, which must code for 20 different amino acids. More than one codon is used for most amino acids: the genetic code is “degenerate”. This means that it is not possible to take a protein seque ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... 1- Missense mutation  Base substitution (point mutation)  Change in one base ...
lecture notes-molecular biology-central dogma
lecture notes-molecular biology-central dogma

... Translation Translation is the final step on the way from DNA to protein. - It is the synthesis of proteins directed by a mRNA template. - The information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read as three letter words (triplets), called codons. - Each word stands for one amino acid. ...
Study Guide for Macromolecules
Study Guide for Macromolecules

... 20 kinds of amino acid used in proteins, based on different R groups R groups can be charged (+ or -), uncharged but polar (hydrophilic), or non-polar (hydrophobic) Dehydration of the –OH in the carboxylic acid group and an –H in the amino group joins two amino acids in a peptide bond. Know the stru ...
Gene Expression
Gene Expression

... As each new tRNA enters the ribosome, one leaves. Before tRNA can leave the ribosome, the animo acids will bond together to make a polypeptide chain ...
From Gene to Protein
From Gene to Protein

...  5’ cap, modified G, directs ribosome attachment for protein synthesis  Poly-A tail, addition of 5-250 adenines (A), inhibits degradation as leaves ...
Ch 15. Genetic Code and Translation
Ch 15. Genetic Code and Translation

... Outline ...
Lesson Objectives: You must be comfortable doing these items:
Lesson Objectives: You must be comfortable doing these items:

... Effects of Mutations Many mutations have no effect on the proteins they encode. These mutations are considered neutral. Occasionally, a mutation may make a protein even better than it was before. Or the protein might help the organism adapt to a new environment. These mutations are considered benefi ...
project III
project III

... CS 626 Due Thursday May 1, 03 In this project we shall consider the folding of a two-dimensional “protein”. The “protein” is embedded in a two dimensional square lattice with a constant spacing a . “Amino acids” are placed in the lattice points. A lattice point can be either empty or occupied by (at ...
transcription_and_translation
transcription_and_translation

... connected, the tRNA releases its amino acid which is added to the chain of amino acids growing from the ribosome. • The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. As each is added, a water molecule is released. (Dehydration hydrolysis) ...
transcription_and_translation_2
transcription_and_translation_2

... connected, the tRNA releases its amino acid which is added to the chain of amino acids growing from the ribosome. • The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. As each is added, a water molecule is released. (Dehydration hydrolysis) ...
gelfand-genetic-code
gelfand-genetic-code

... – Degenerate (many codons for one amino acid) – Comma-less (no specific markers between codons) ...
Making Proteins
Making Proteins

... Steps to Translation Making proteins from mRNA 1. Ribosomes attach to the “start” codon of mRNA (AUG), signaling the beginning of the protein chain 2. mRNA codons are matched to corresponding tRNA anticodons and appropriate amino acids are strung together. 3. Dehydration synthesis occurs between th ...
Practice Questions
Practice Questions

... genital region and the patient’s gametes (sperm or egg cells) were severely mutated as a result of the high powered rays. Will this mutation be passed down the offspring? The Ribosome shifts along the mRNA over to the next codon __ The polypeptide chain becomes the actual protein by folding into the ...
Gene expression (central dogma)
Gene expression (central dogma)

... Messenger RNAs get their name because they act as messengers between DNA and ribosomes. Ribosomes are RNA-and-protein structures in the cytosol where proteins are actually made. In eukaryotes (such as humans), a primary transcript has to go through some extra processing steps in order to become a ma ...
RNA - TeacherWeb
RNA - TeacherWeb

... • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =B6O6uRb1D38&feature=related ...
Protein Synthesis PowerPoint
Protein Synthesis PowerPoint

... TRANSLATION mRNA carries instructions out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm  tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes ...
Protein Translation
Protein Translation

... In some organisms, a few of the 64 possible "words" of the genetic code are different. Do a few different words mean that the code is not universal? Perhaps: if you're willing to say that the US and Britain don't share a common language because elevators in the UK are called "lifts" and they spel ...
From Gene to Protein
From Gene to Protein

... process of removing introns and joining exons Ribozyme = RNA acts as enzyme ...
Trimer Codon Mix 2 Antisense
Trimer Codon Mix 2 Antisense

... Directed molecular evolution and combinatorial methods are key strategies used for protein engineering research. These approaches commonly involve using partially randomized synthetic oligonucleotides to generate a partially randomized gene library, expressing it in an appropriate vector to generate ...
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Genetic code



The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is accomplished by the ribosome, which links amino acids in an order specified by mRNA, using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.The code defines how sequences of these nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. Because the vast majority of genes are encoded with exactly the same code (see the RNA codon table), this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact some variant codes have evolved. For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code.While the genetic code determines the protein sequence for a given coding region, other genomic regions can influence when and where these proteins are produced.
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