Stem cells are influenced by microbial ligands
... carbohydrate, peptide, and nucleic acid structures named pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs are broadly expressed among different cell types and sense essential components for bacteria, fungi, or viruses [11]. Recent discoveries showed that PRRs also recognize endogenous ligands an ...
... carbohydrate, peptide, and nucleic acid structures named pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs are broadly expressed among different cell types and sense essential components for bacteria, fungi, or viruses [11]. Recent discoveries showed that PRRs also recognize endogenous ligands an ...
Inflammation
... albumin (kidney disorders) or decreased synthesis of plasma proteins (liver disease, malnutrition) reduce plasma oncotic pressure. Any abnormality of sodium or water retention will alter the osmotic pressure and the balance of fluid forces. Finally, obstruction of lymphatic flow may occur in various ...
... albumin (kidney disorders) or decreased synthesis of plasma proteins (liver disease, malnutrition) reduce plasma oncotic pressure. Any abnormality of sodium or water retention will alter the osmotic pressure and the balance of fluid forces. Finally, obstruction of lymphatic flow may occur in various ...
Rapid early innate control of hepatitis C virus during IFN
... with treatment [16–18]. Furthermore, there is evidence that superior NK-cell responses identify subjects who have been exposed to HCV yet remain uninfected [19]. There is much interest currently in understanding how innate responses control adaptive immune responses and vice versa. The ability to co ...
... with treatment [16–18]. Furthermore, there is evidence that superior NK-cell responses identify subjects who have been exposed to HCV yet remain uninfected [19]. There is much interest currently in understanding how innate responses control adaptive immune responses and vice versa. The ability to co ...
Th17 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are compromised in
... infected TLR2-/- animals, 54 days post-infection. In line with the histological analysis, at late ...
... infected TLR2-/- animals, 54 days post-infection. In line with the histological analysis, at late ...
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Lymph Nodes and Peripheral Blood: A Comparison between
... Objective: Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response involving activated T cells and impairment of natural killer (NK) cells. An increased T cell activity has been associated with plaque instability and risk of acute cardiac events. Lymphocyte analyses in blood are widely u ...
... Objective: Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response involving activated T cells and impairment of natural killer (NK) cells. An increased T cell activity has been associated with plaque instability and risk of acute cardiac events. Lymphocyte analyses in blood are widely u ...
Characterisation of the immune response after - diss.fu
... Myeloid DCs, preferentially expressing the TLR 2, 3, 4 and 8, are the main producer of cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 18 (IL-18), which can bias the CD4+ T cell differentiation towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 subset (Macatonia, Hosken et al. 1995; Brightbill, Libraty et al. ...
... Myeloid DCs, preferentially expressing the TLR 2, 3, 4 and 8, are the main producer of cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 18 (IL-18), which can bias the CD4+ T cell differentiation towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 subset (Macatonia, Hosken et al. 1995; Brightbill, Libraty et al. ...
Proliferation T Cell + Nonredundantly Stimulates CD8
... selectively promotes proliferative renewal of activated/memory CD8⫹ T cells (4). The role of IL-2 is more complex. IL-2- and IL-2R␣-deficient mice develop T lymphoproliferation because IL-2 is required for survival of T regulatory cells that limit conventional T cell proliferation (5). However, incr ...
... selectively promotes proliferative renewal of activated/memory CD8⫹ T cells (4). The role of IL-2 is more complex. IL-2- and IL-2R␣-deficient mice develop T lymphoproliferation because IL-2 is required for survival of T regulatory cells that limit conventional T cell proliferation (5). However, incr ...
Raulet, D. H. and N. Guerra. 2009. Oncogenic stress sensed by the immune system: role of natural killer cell receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 9:568-580.
... signalling incurred when target cell engagement occurs and the various receptors engage their ligands6–8. Hence, some normal cells display stimulatory ligands but fail to be killed by NK cells because their MHC class I molecules engage inhibitory receptors that counteract stimulatory signalling. Inc ...
... signalling incurred when target cell engagement occurs and the various receptors engage their ligands6–8. Hence, some normal cells display stimulatory ligands but fail to be killed by NK cells because their MHC class I molecules engage inhibitory receptors that counteract stimulatory signalling. Inc ...
INVESTIGATING ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY INACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS AND BY
... presenting cells (pAPCs) present foreign antigen on their cell surface to a naïve T cell resulting in T cell priming and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. Since activation of CTLs is very poor in response to killed pathogens, we wanted to examine how CTL activation differs in response to ...
... presenting cells (pAPCs) present foreign antigen on their cell surface to a naïve T cell resulting in T cell priming and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. Since activation of CTLs is very poor in response to killed pathogens, we wanted to examine how CTL activation differs in response to ...
Response to Recipient CMV Antigen Transplantable and Expand In
... inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2A recognizes the nonclassical class I allele HLA-E (5), and the activating receptor NKG2C also has been shown to recognize HLA-E, albeit with lower affinity than its inhibitory counterpart (6). With these receptors, NK cells monitor changes in the expressio ...
... inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2A recognizes the nonclassical class I allele HLA-E (5), and the activating receptor NKG2C also has been shown to recognize HLA-E, albeit with lower affinity than its inhibitory counterpart (6). With these receptors, NK cells monitor changes in the expressio ...
Review - International Federation of Cell Therapy Professionals
... with other human fibroblasts.46 Also, hematopoietic stem cells were found to be 300× more efficient at iPSC generation when compared with mature T/B cells.47 These results are in agreement with the mouse system where progenitor cells from various tissues have been more efficiently reprogrammed to iP ...
... with other human fibroblasts.46 Also, hematopoietic stem cells were found to be 300× more efficient at iPSC generation when compared with mature T/B cells.47 These results are in agreement with the mouse system where progenitor cells from various tissues have been more efficiently reprogrammed to iP ...
reviews
... fungi and parasites. To combat these potentially lethal pathogens, mammals have evolved elaborate mucosaassociated lymphoid tissues that are rich in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to innocuous environmental antigens and ‘commensal’ ...
... fungi and parasites. To combat these potentially lethal pathogens, mammals have evolved elaborate mucosaassociated lymphoid tissues that are rich in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to innocuous environmental antigens and ‘commensal’ ...
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR){alpha
... rheumatoid arthritis patients are reported to have diminished testosterone levels compared with age-matched controls (23, 24), and androgen treatment relieves clinical symptoms in hypogonadal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (25). Recent studies suggest that androgens act directly on CD4+ cells to ...
... rheumatoid arthritis patients are reported to have diminished testosterone levels compared with age-matched controls (23, 24), and androgen treatment relieves clinical symptoms in hypogonadal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (25). Recent studies suggest that androgens act directly on CD4+ cells to ...
D9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates allogeneic host-versus
... The anti-inflammatory properties of THC have been very well characterized by our laboratory and others [21–23]. Recently, we made an exciting observation that administration of THC results in massive induction of MDSCs [24]. MDSCs are innate regulatory cells known to reduce T cell-driven inflammatory ...
... The anti-inflammatory properties of THC have been very well characterized by our laboratory and others [21–23]. Recently, we made an exciting observation that administration of THC results in massive induction of MDSCs [24]. MDSCs are innate regulatory cells known to reduce T cell-driven inflammatory ...
030710 Medium- and Large
... maintain the activation of T cells. The activation of adventitial dendritic cells is an early event in the vasculitis. In temporal arteries from patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, which lack inflammatory infiltrates, the dendritic cells are no longer immature and have acquired the activation mark ...
... maintain the activation of T cells. The activation of adventitial dendritic cells is an early event in the vasculitis. In temporal arteries from patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, which lack inflammatory infiltrates, the dendritic cells are no longer immature and have acquired the activation mark ...
Natural regulatory T cells in infectious disease - Direct-MS
... response to them often results in tissue damage. This tissue damage might be more intense were it not for many regulatory mechanisms that contain the ‘zeal’ of both innate and adaptive effector responses. The once-disfavored idea that suppressor cells with antigen specificity form part of the regula ...
... response to them often results in tissue damage. This tissue damage might be more intense were it not for many regulatory mechanisms that contain the ‘zeal’ of both innate and adaptive effector responses. The once-disfavored idea that suppressor cells with antigen specificity form part of the regula ...
A Possible Link Between Autoimmunity and Cancer
... iDCs, which are educated at the tumour site, act as functional inhibitors of a tumour-specific immune response in cancer, immature pDCs are activated by Toll-like receptors, which lead to B- and T-cell immune responses in autoimmune disease (Lang et al., 2005). The immunological tolerance is produce ...
... iDCs, which are educated at the tumour site, act as functional inhibitors of a tumour-specific immune response in cancer, immature pDCs are activated by Toll-like receptors, which lead to B- and T-cell immune responses in autoimmune disease (Lang et al., 2005). The immunological tolerance is produce ...
Effects of Systemic versus Local Administration of Corticosteroids on
... term asthma management. We have previously shown that respiratory allergen tolerance is highly effective in preventing the development of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity through the development of Ag-specific adaptive regulatory T cells (Treg) that express high levels of Foxp3 (8, 9). Howeve ...
... term asthma management. We have previously shown that respiratory allergen tolerance is highly effective in preventing the development of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity through the development of Ag-specific adaptive regulatory T cells (Treg) that express high levels of Foxp3 (8, 9). Howeve ...
PARADOXICAL EFFECTS OF IMMUNE CELLS ON THE INFLAMMATION
... industrialized world, especially North America and Europe, and is more common in urban areas and northern climates (Loftus, Jr. & Sandborn, 2002;Hanauer, 2006). There are two major types of IBD, Crohn‘s and ulcerative colitis, both of which have an unknown etiology. Ulcerative colitis results in cha ...
... industrialized world, especially North America and Europe, and is more common in urban areas and northern climates (Loftus, Jr. & Sandborn, 2002;Hanauer, 2006). There are two major types of IBD, Crohn‘s and ulcerative colitis, both of which have an unknown etiology. Ulcerative colitis results in cha ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.