protein-protein interactions
... between multiple proteins that form complexes. Do not reveal the precise chemical nature of the interactions but simply report that such interactions take place. The major high-throughput technology: systematic affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry ...
... between multiple proteins that form complexes. Do not reveal the precise chemical nature of the interactions but simply report that such interactions take place. The major high-throughput technology: systematic affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry ...
synthetic gene networks that count
... objects, representing each number of such as a distinct state. ...
... objects, representing each number of such as a distinct state. ...
cell cycle - Formatted
... heterokaryon. If one of the original cells is in S phase and the other is in G1, the G1 nucleus in the heterokaryon quickly initiates DNA synthesis, even if it would normally have reached S phase until many hours later. This indicates that S phase cell contains one or more molecules that trigger pro ...
... heterokaryon. If one of the original cells is in S phase and the other is in G1, the G1 nucleus in the heterokaryon quickly initiates DNA synthesis, even if it would normally have reached S phase until many hours later. This indicates that S phase cell contains one or more molecules that trigger pro ...
The Genetic Code is Read in Three Bases at a Time
... combinations do not occur should eventually lead to a deciphering of the code and an understanding of which triplets code for which amino acids. When amino acid sequences were examined, however, there was little evidence of forbidden two-base combinations. Also, analysis of the amino acid sequence o ...
... combinations do not occur should eventually lead to a deciphering of the code and an understanding of which triplets code for which amino acids. When amino acid sequences were examined, however, there was little evidence of forbidden two-base combinations. Also, analysis of the amino acid sequence o ...
gida bi̇yoteknoloji̇si̇-2
... • In procaryotes, there are sequence composed of around 40 bases. First bases of this sequence is complementer with last ones, but not the center. So these bases on RNA make pairs (form double strand) which has the shape of an hair pin. ...
... • In procaryotes, there are sequence composed of around 40 bases. First bases of this sequence is complementer with last ones, but not the center. So these bases on RNA make pairs (form double strand) which has the shape of an hair pin. ...
DNA and the Genome
... Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide by tRNA occurs at the ribosome. tRNA folds due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid. The triplet anticodon site is complimentary to the triplet codon site on the mRNA. Each codon codes for a particula ...
... Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide by tRNA occurs at the ribosome. tRNA folds due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid. The triplet anticodon site is complimentary to the triplet codon site on the mRNA. Each codon codes for a particula ...
Plant Response to Internal and External Signals
... Response • A signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities • In most cases, these responses to stimulation involve increased activity of enzymes • This can occur by – 1. transcriptional regulation • specific transcription factors bind directly to specific region ...
... Response • A signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities • In most cases, these responses to stimulation involve increased activity of enzymes • This can occur by – 1. transcriptional regulation • specific transcription factors bind directly to specific region ...
Macromolecules
... • Tissues combine to make up an organ (e.g., the heart). • Specific organs work together as a system (e.g., the heart, arteries, veins, etc.). • Multicellular organisms (each an “individual” within a particular species) contain ...
... • Tissues combine to make up an organ (e.g., the heart). • Specific organs work together as a system (e.g., the heart, arteries, veins, etc.). • Multicellular organisms (each an “individual” within a particular species) contain ...
Protein Synthesis Lab
... (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching its complementary bases — C, G, A, and U (uracil) — to the DNA bases. This process is called transcription, because the message is going from one version of nucleic acid language (DNA code) to another version of nucleic acid language (RNA code), so it is ...
... (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching its complementary bases — C, G, A, and U (uracil) — to the DNA bases. This process is called transcription, because the message is going from one version of nucleic acid language (DNA code) to another version of nucleic acid language (RNA code), so it is ...
Modeling Protein Synthesis
... (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching its complementary bases — C, G, A, and U (uracil) — to the DNA bases. This process is called transcription, because the message is going from one version of nucleic acid language (DNA code) to another version of nucleic acid language (RNA code), so it is ...
... (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is made by matching its complementary bases — C, G, A, and U (uracil) — to the DNA bases. This process is called transcription, because the message is going from one version of nucleic acid language (DNA code) to another version of nucleic acid language (RNA code), so it is ...
with negative charge increase. It could be connected with inclusion
... various DNA-adducts in nuclei of tumor and normal cells. These changes in DNA structure suppress mitotic cycle and initiate apoptotic death program in many cell types. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is well established chromatin-associated enzyme which recognizes not only DNA-nicks but unusu ...
... various DNA-adducts in nuclei of tumor and normal cells. These changes in DNA structure suppress mitotic cycle and initiate apoptotic death program in many cell types. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is well established chromatin-associated enzyme which recognizes not only DNA-nicks but unusu ...
Appendix AC - Substances and Materials
... Yes. You will be required to obtain a CDC Registration and Biosafety Committee approval prior to obtaining the agent and beginning your studies. 3. Infectious Agents: If bacterial, viral, rickettsial, fungal, protozoal, or other infectious agents will be used in animals, complete items 3.a. 3.b, and ...
... Yes. You will be required to obtain a CDC Registration and Biosafety Committee approval prior to obtaining the agent and beginning your studies. 3. Infectious Agents: If bacterial, viral, rickettsial, fungal, protozoal, or other infectious agents will be used in animals, complete items 3.a. 3.b, and ...
Nucleic Acid structure - part 1
... Bases hydrophobic at neutral pH, hydrophobic stacking interactions ...
... Bases hydrophobic at neutral pH, hydrophobic stacking interactions ...
Proteomics - OpenWetWare
... Level of mRNA not necessarily equal to level of protein product Some transcripts give rise to multiple products (alternative splicing, etc) ...
... Level of mRNA not necessarily equal to level of protein product Some transcripts give rise to multiple products (alternative splicing, etc) ...
Types of Fatty Acids
... derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogencontaining molecules. an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) ...
... derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogencontaining molecules. an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) ...
I. Energy
... Example: The cytoplasm of a cell has a certain osmotic pressure caused by the solutes it contains. There are three different types of solution when compared to the interior (cytoplasm) of a cell: 1. Hypertonic solution: Higher osmotic pressure than cell due to: Higher solute concentration than cell ...
... Example: The cytoplasm of a cell has a certain osmotic pressure caused by the solutes it contains. There are three different types of solution when compared to the interior (cytoplasm) of a cell: 1. Hypertonic solution: Higher osmotic pressure than cell due to: Higher solute concentration than cell ...
Hallmarks of Cancer (2016)
... different signaling cascades, such as the MAP kinase pathway. In the absence of growth factors, Ras is converted back into an inactive (GDP bound) state. Mutant Ras (*) is locked in the GTP-bound state even when there is no signal from the growth factor receptor. ...
... different signaling cascades, such as the MAP kinase pathway. In the absence of growth factors, Ras is converted back into an inactive (GDP bound) state. Mutant Ras (*) is locked in the GTP-bound state even when there is no signal from the growth factor receptor. ...
chapter_outline1_5
... o Are not changed or used up in the reaction Enzymes also exhibit: o Specificity — will only work on limited types of substrates o Saturation Limits — by their concentration ...
... o Are not changed or used up in the reaction Enzymes also exhibit: o Specificity — will only work on limited types of substrates o Saturation Limits — by their concentration ...
Endo-1-06-99_1-20-99
... Hormones: distinct chemical messengers that transmit information from one cell to another to coordinate homeostatic adaptations, growth, development, and reproduction endocrine system: ...
... Hormones: distinct chemical messengers that transmit information from one cell to another to coordinate homeostatic adaptations, growth, development, and reproduction endocrine system: ...
Remember, transcription copies the DNA into mRNA
... changed? It depends on the type of change! Point mutation – a single nucleotide is changed; •Substitution is a point mutation… (bases are ‘swapped’) Frameshift mutation – nucleotides added or deleted from a sequence, and sometimes copied. Insertions –add a base… whole codon sequence ...
... changed? It depends on the type of change! Point mutation – a single nucleotide is changed; •Substitution is a point mutation… (bases are ‘swapped’) Frameshift mutation – nucleotides added or deleted from a sequence, and sometimes copied. Insertions –add a base… whole codon sequence ...
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
... sequence information between biopolymers in living organisms. By storing and transferring biological information, DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. The nucleotide monomers of these biopolymers, being joined by phosphodiester li ...
Cell-penetrating peptide
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular uptake of various molecular cargo (from nanosize particles to small chemical molecules and large fragments of DNA). The ""cargo"" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions. The function of the CPPs are to deliver the cargo into cells, a process that commonly occurs through endocytosis with the cargo delivered to the endosomes of living mammalian cells.CPPs hold great potential as in vitro and in vivo delivery vectors for use in research and medicine. Current use is limited by a lack of cell specificity in CPP-mediated cargo delivery and insufficient understanding of the modes of their uptake.CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar/charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or amphipathic, respectively. A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues, with low net chargeor have hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake.The first CPP was discovered independently by two laboratories in 1988, when it was found that the trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) could be efficiently taken up from the surrounding media by numerous cell types in culture. Since then, the number of known CPPs has expanded considerably and small molecule synthetic analogues with more effective protein transduction properties have been generated.