Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta
... problem which has economical, psychological, social and medical impact. Investigation of drug effects on the nervous system has been a subject of many studies during the last few decades. The interest in neurons regarding this issues is rather constant, but currently there is increasing number of st ...
... problem which has economical, psychological, social and medical impact. Investigation of drug effects on the nervous system has been a subject of many studies during the last few decades. The interest in neurons regarding this issues is rather constant, but currently there is increasing number of st ...
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... neural mechanisms underlying its symmetrical output remain unknown. The MLR is known to initiate locomotion by activating reticulospinal (RS) cells that in turn project to the spinal cord locomotor networks (for review, see Grillner et al., 1998; Jordan, 1998; Orlovsky et al., 1999). Whether the sym ...
... neural mechanisms underlying its symmetrical output remain unknown. The MLR is known to initiate locomotion by activating reticulospinal (RS) cells that in turn project to the spinal cord locomotor networks (for review, see Grillner et al., 1998; Jordan, 1998; Orlovsky et al., 1999). Whether the sym ...
1. An introductions to clinical neurology: path physiology, diagnosis
... cells, the Golgi cells. Purkinje Cell B This is the largest and most characteristic cell of the cerebellum. A Nissl stain will show only a pear-shaped cell body B4 filled with large Nissl bodies or granules. The large number of Purkinje cells found without Nissl granules are in a particular function ...
... cells, the Golgi cells. Purkinje Cell B This is the largest and most characteristic cell of the cerebellum. A Nissl stain will show only a pear-shaped cell body B4 filled with large Nissl bodies or granules. The large number of Purkinje cells found without Nissl granules are in a particular function ...
Neural crest stem cell
... to rhombomeres (r) rl, r2, r4 and r6, with no CNC cells apparent at the level of r3 or r5. The first of these streams populates the trigeminal ganglion and mandibular arch; the second populates the hyoid arch, as well as the geniculate and vestibular ganglia; the third stream populates the third and ...
... to rhombomeres (r) rl, r2, r4 and r6, with no CNC cells apparent at the level of r3 or r5. The first of these streams populates the trigeminal ganglion and mandibular arch; the second populates the hyoid arch, as well as the geniculate and vestibular ganglia; the third stream populates the third and ...
Neuronal Selectivities to Complex Object
... posterior IT and anterior IT was suggested on the basis of lesion studies (Iwai and Mishkin 1968), this concept has not been further developed, probably because of the lack of related data at the cellular level. As a step towards this goal, we compared selectivity of cell responses for complex objec ...
... posterior IT and anterior IT was suggested on the basis of lesion studies (Iwai and Mishkin 1968), this concept has not been further developed, probably because of the lack of related data at the cellular level. As a step towards this goal, we compared selectivity of cell responses for complex objec ...
Deep Learning Overview
... Solution to this problem is to restrict the connections between the hidden units and the input units, allowing each hidden unit to connect to only a small subset of the input units. Each hidden unit will connect to only a small contiguous region of pixels in the input. This idea of having locall ...
... Solution to this problem is to restrict the connections between the hidden units and the input units, allowing each hidden unit to connect to only a small subset of the input units. Each hidden unit will connect to only a small contiguous region of pixels in the input. This idea of having locall ...
Binocular Disparity Review and the Perception of Depth
... mathematical analyses and computer simulations (Qian, 1994; Zhu and Qian, 1996; Qian and Zhu, 1997). The complex cell model was found to be independent of stimulus Fourier phases for some types of stimuli, including the bars used in the physiological experiments of Ohzawa et al. (1990), and its pref ...
... mathematical analyses and computer simulations (Qian, 1994; Zhu and Qian, 1996; Qian and Zhu, 1997). The complex cell model was found to be independent of stimulus Fourier phases for some types of stimuli, including the bars used in the physiological experiments of Ohzawa et al. (1990), and its pref ...
Fibroblast growth factor modulates HIV coreceptor - SGF-5000
... been shown to be translocated to the nucleus and exert its effects there. One possible modulator of neurodegeneration is the chemokine receptor, CXCR4. In the periphery, it is involved in the directional migration of immune cells in response to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1). It al ...
... been shown to be translocated to the nucleus and exert its effects there. One possible modulator of neurodegeneration is the chemokine receptor, CXCR4. In the periphery, it is involved in the directional migration of immune cells in response to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1). It al ...
Notch resolves mixed neural identities in the
... competent cells, a process referred to as lateral inhibition. In this context, Notch signaling functions as a feedback loop in which the activation of target genes by Notch-intra leads to a diminished expression of proneural genes. As proneural genes control the expression of the Delta ligands, acti ...
... competent cells, a process referred to as lateral inhibition. In this context, Notch signaling functions as a feedback loop in which the activation of target genes by Notch-intra leads to a diminished expression of proneural genes. As proneural genes control the expression of the Delta ligands, acti ...
Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring
... could be achieved by a few long axons of a subset of basket cells. However, such connections are not known. Instead, it could be that the small number of specialized ‘long-range’ interneurons, with their axons distributed over large areas within and across anatomical regions (Figure 4) [41], serves ...
... could be achieved by a few long axons of a subset of basket cells. However, such connections are not known. Instead, it could be that the small number of specialized ‘long-range’ interneurons, with their axons distributed over large areas within and across anatomical regions (Figure 4) [41], serves ...
in cellular neuroscience
... were shown to be of the ectodermal lineage. Of note, the website www.wormatlas.org provides an overview of the anatomic and developmental characteristics of the glia of C. elegans. An ephemeral comparison of worm and mammalian glia. It is tempting to compare the glia of the worm to those of animals ...
... were shown to be of the ectodermal lineage. Of note, the website www.wormatlas.org provides an overview of the anatomic and developmental characteristics of the glia of C. elegans. An ephemeral comparison of worm and mammalian glia. It is tempting to compare the glia of the worm to those of animals ...
Understanding the Gut Brain
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
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... The transcription factor Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and Sox2 ‘knockdown’ mice show defects in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus and eye, and possibly some neurons. In humans, heterozygous Sox2 deficiency is associated with eye abnormalities, hippocampal malformation and epile ...
... The transcription factor Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and Sox2 ‘knockdown’ mice show defects in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus and eye, and possibly some neurons. In humans, heterozygous Sox2 deficiency is associated with eye abnormalities, hippocampal malformation and epile ...
Synaptic energy efficiency in retinal processing
... outputs are equated to neuronal firing rates. It is within this framework that we attempt to understand the consequences of maximising information transmission whilst minimising the metabolic costs associated with synaptic transmission. Following Bell and Sejnowski (1997), Harpur (1997) and Olshausen ...
... outputs are equated to neuronal firing rates. It is within this framework that we attempt to understand the consequences of maximising information transmission whilst minimising the metabolic costs associated with synaptic transmission. Following Bell and Sejnowski (1997), Harpur (1997) and Olshausen ...
Radial Glial Cell–Neuron Interaction Directs Axon Formation at the
... were dissected and dissociated into single cells in the same way as neuron dissociation (see below). Dissociated cells were suspended in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) containing 10% horse serum and plated into a six-well plate coated with 100 g/ml poly-D-lysine (PDL; Sigma) at a density of 4.0 ⫻ 1 ...
... were dissected and dissociated into single cells in the same way as neuron dissociation (see below). Dissociated cells were suspended in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) containing 10% horse serum and plated into a six-well plate coated with 100 g/ml poly-D-lysine (PDL; Sigma) at a density of 4.0 ⫻ 1 ...
Cell Assembly Sequences Arising from Spike
... tions were consistent from trial to trial, and the time (sec) elapsed time (sec) model was driven by temporally and spatially unstructured noise I(t); different instances of Figure 1. Time prediction from sequential neural activity in a memory task. A, Average raster over 18 s for a population of no ...
... tions were consistent from trial to trial, and the time (sec) elapsed time (sec) model was driven by temporally and spatially unstructured noise I(t); different instances of Figure 1. Time prediction from sequential neural activity in a memory task. A, Average raster over 18 s for a population of no ...
NG2 cells response to axonal alteration in the spinal cord white
... mation from NFL-/- axons in the earlier stage of neuropathogenesis during which microglia are inhibited [3]. The role of NG2 cells in neuronal networks of adult brain is not yet known. Studies have shown that NG2 cells proliferate in response to loss of myelin or oligodendrocytes, as seen in the whi ...
... mation from NFL-/- axons in the earlier stage of neuropathogenesis during which microglia are inhibited [3]. The role of NG2 cells in neuronal networks of adult brain is not yet known. Studies have shown that NG2 cells proliferate in response to loss of myelin or oligodendrocytes, as seen in the whi ...
TOPIC: progesterone exert neuroprotective and myelinating effects
... central nervous system. Its effects on the reproductive and endocrine systems are well known, but a large and growing body of evidence, including a recently published pilot clinical trial, indicates that the hormone also exerts neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. We now know that ...
... central nervous system. Its effects on the reproductive and endocrine systems are well known, but a large and growing body of evidence, including a recently published pilot clinical trial, indicates that the hormone also exerts neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. We now know that ...
REVIEW ARTICLE
... and Mugnaini, 1994). The GC2 cell is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and its synapses on pyramidal cells involve strictly GABAA receptors (Berman and Maler, 1998a). The GC1 cell is also believed to be inhibitory, but its transmitter is unknown; its inhibition of pyramidal cells appears to be linked ...
... and Mugnaini, 1994). The GC2 cell is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and its synapses on pyramidal cells involve strictly GABAA receptors (Berman and Maler, 1998a). The GC1 cell is also believed to be inhibitory, but its transmitter is unknown; its inhibition of pyramidal cells appears to be linked ...
This is all we can do!
... energy used in neurons and muscle cells maintaining resting potential • Sodium-potassium “pump” actively moves + ions out of cell so that inside cell is -70mV relative to outside • Happens at sub-microscopic molecular level (“pump” is protein structures in cell membrane) • Happens at micro-time scal ...
... energy used in neurons and muscle cells maintaining resting potential • Sodium-potassium “pump” actively moves + ions out of cell so that inside cell is -70mV relative to outside • Happens at sub-microscopic molecular level (“pump” is protein structures in cell membrane) • Happens at micro-time scal ...
Chapter 15 Viral Vector-Based Techniques for Optogenetic
... to assure that the desired effect is achieved in the targeted cells. The extent of viral transduction depends both on the type of vector used and the brain region targeted. Generally, a relatively restricted expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection vo ...
... to assure that the desired effect is achieved in the targeted cells. The extent of viral transduction depends both on the type of vector used and the brain region targeted. Generally, a relatively restricted expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection vo ...
The endocannabinoid system
... he most basic function of the ECS is the maintaining of homeostasis in the body. Homeostasis means balance, but not balance the way we might be used to thinking of it: this is a dynamic balance, where several different processes continuously and mutually influence each other as they contribute to th ...
... he most basic function of the ECS is the maintaining of homeostasis in the body. Homeostasis means balance, but not balance the way we might be used to thinking of it: this is a dynamic balance, where several different processes continuously and mutually influence each other as they contribute to th ...
Fatty acid amide hydrolase expression in rat choroid plexus
... cells and mitral cells of the olfactory bulbs, as reported previously [6,12]. In addition, FAAH-immunoreactive neurons were also evident in the anterior olfactory nuclei, piriform cortex, amygdala and pontine nuclei (not shown). These observations are consistent with previous analyses of FAAH mRNA a ...
... cells and mitral cells of the olfactory bulbs, as reported previously [6,12]. In addition, FAAH-immunoreactive neurons were also evident in the anterior olfactory nuclei, piriform cortex, amygdala and pontine nuclei (not shown). These observations are consistent with previous analyses of FAAH mRNA a ...
Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It is composed of four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition. Along with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the SVZ is one of two places where neurogenesis has been found to occur in the adult mammalian brain.