BIOL 105 S 2011 MTX 2 QA 110512.1
... 43) Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order? A) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector B) receptor, effector, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron C) receptor, sensory neuron, effector, interneuron, motor neuron D) effector, receptor, s ...
... 43) Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order? A) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector B) receptor, effector, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron C) receptor, sensory neuron, effector, interneuron, motor neuron D) effector, receptor, s ...
Crosstalk between 2 organelles: Lysosomal storage of heparan
... signs of the ER stress or impaired proteasomal activity in the same model.24,25 Nevertheless it is tempting to speculate that the accumulation of missfolded HGSNAT in the cells of patients affected with missense mutations may cause a dominant effect stressing ER-associated protein degradation machin ...
... signs of the ER stress or impaired proteasomal activity in the same model.24,25 Nevertheless it is tempting to speculate that the accumulation of missfolded HGSNAT in the cells of patients affected with missense mutations may cause a dominant effect stressing ER-associated protein degradation machin ...
A cross-laboratory database of brain cell-type expression
... challenging their identification outside of the original study and understanding their role in normal and pathological brain function. Regardless of the methodology used, technical biases and artefacts introduced during different stages of cellular purification (e.g. stress) and analysis (e.g. norma ...
... challenging their identification outside of the original study and understanding their role in normal and pathological brain function. Regardless of the methodology used, technical biases and artefacts introduced during different stages of cellular purification (e.g. stress) and analysis (e.g. norma ...
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... boundaries between domains of expression (i.e., [30–36]). In the mouse telencephalon for example, the complementary expression of cadherin-6 and R-cadherin promotes segregation between cortex and striatum [34]. Similarly, the differential expression of a number of cadherins by specific pools of moto ...
... boundaries between domains of expression (i.e., [30–36]). In the mouse telencephalon for example, the complementary expression of cadherin-6 and R-cadherin promotes segregation between cortex and striatum [34]. Similarly, the differential expression of a number of cadherins by specific pools of moto ...
Lecture 2: Structure and function of the NS
... Synapse: axonal end abupts on other neuron (dendrites). A few thousand per cell 2 to 20 nm space (Cajal vs Golgi) ...
... Synapse: axonal end abupts on other neuron (dendrites). A few thousand per cell 2 to 20 nm space (Cajal vs Golgi) ...
Morphomechanics: transforming tubes into organs
... This is not the full story, however; multiple redundant mechanisms also may be involved in torsion. For example, some data suggest that asymmetric cell proliferation in the dorsal mesocardium determines looping direction, as cells normally divide faster on the left side of this structure and push th ...
... This is not the full story, however; multiple redundant mechanisms also may be involved in torsion. For example, some data suggest that asymmetric cell proliferation in the dorsal mesocardium determines looping direction, as cells normally divide faster on the left side of this structure and push th ...
Alcohol and neuroinflammation: Involvement of astroglial cells and
... astroglia, which produce a variety of pro-inflammatory and toxic compounds that can induce brain damage. Recent developments in our understanding of neurodegeneration implicate glial cells and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as vital players in the immune response within the central nervous system, and t ...
... astroglia, which produce a variety of pro-inflammatory and toxic compounds that can induce brain damage. Recent developments in our understanding of neurodegeneration implicate glial cells and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as vital players in the immune response within the central nervous system, and t ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... and to electrically insulate axons. Recent data has additionally demonstrated that oligodendrocytes metabolically support axons, the long-range links of neural circuits. Glial cells expressing the proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 glia) are a relatively novel class of macroglia and were originally identified as ...
... and to electrically insulate axons. Recent data has additionally demonstrated that oligodendrocytes metabolically support axons, the long-range links of neural circuits. Glial cells expressing the proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 glia) are a relatively novel class of macroglia and were originally identified as ...
Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... Using histochemical analysis (NADPH-diaphorase, Fluoro-Jade B dye and bis-benzimide 33342 Hoechst) we studied the influence of intraperitoneal administration of nicotine (NIC), kainic acid (KA) and combination of both these substances on hippocampal neurons and their changes. In experiments, 35-day- ...
... Using histochemical analysis (NADPH-diaphorase, Fluoro-Jade B dye and bis-benzimide 33342 Hoechst) we studied the influence of intraperitoneal administration of nicotine (NIC), kainic acid (KA) and combination of both these substances on hippocampal neurons and their changes. In experiments, 35-day- ...
REVIEWS - Department Of Biological Sciences Hunter College
... Figure 2 | Effects of classic cadherin dysfunction on retinal morphogenesis and neurite extension. a | Phenotypes of zebrafish N-cadherin mutants. Top panels show histological sections of embryonic eyes. Retinal laminar structures are disorganized. Bottom panels show retinal optic axons visualized b ...
... Figure 2 | Effects of classic cadherin dysfunction on retinal morphogenesis and neurite extension. a | Phenotypes of zebrafish N-cadherin mutants. Top panels show histological sections of embryonic eyes. Retinal laminar structures are disorganized. Bottom panels show retinal optic axons visualized b ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... the existing evolvable hardware neural network models (e.g. [7,13]) are not capable of regeneration and dendrite growth on FPGAs. They are typically either constricted in terms of number of inputs per neuron or impose constraints on the patterns of connectivity and/or placement on the actual chip mo ...
... the existing evolvable hardware neural network models (e.g. [7,13]) are not capable of regeneration and dendrite growth on FPGAs. They are typically either constricted in terms of number of inputs per neuron or impose constraints on the patterns of connectivity and/or placement on the actual chip mo ...
Altered Patterns of Dynorphin lmmunoreactivity Suggest
... and propagation of seizures.Such remaining neurons include the dentate granule cells and CA2 neuronsthat are often relatively well preserved despite the moderate to severe loss of neuronsin the hilus, CA 1 and CA3 fields (Margerison and Corsellis, 1966; Meldrum and Corsellis, 1985; Bruton, 1988). Nu ...
... and propagation of seizures.Such remaining neurons include the dentate granule cells and CA2 neuronsthat are often relatively well preserved despite the moderate to severe loss of neuronsin the hilus, CA 1 and CA3 fields (Margerison and Corsellis, 1966; Meldrum and Corsellis, 1985; Bruton, 1988). Nu ...
Hypothesized Deficiency of Guanine
... CSF. In view of this, lowered CSF HVA levels in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome implicate the basal ganglia in the emergence of at least some of the CNS symptoms (eg, choreoathetosis). Perhaps a diminished release of dopamine from terminals within basal ganglia leads to a compensatory up-regulation in the sens ...
... CSF. In view of this, lowered CSF HVA levels in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome implicate the basal ganglia in the emergence of at least some of the CNS symptoms (eg, choreoathetosis). Perhaps a diminished release of dopamine from terminals within basal ganglia leads to a compensatory up-regulation in the sens ...
Down-regulation of p21-activated serine/threonine kinase 1 is
... In the nervous system, dysregulation of PAK signaling is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), and mental retardation [12]. Down-regulation of PAK1 and PAK3, brain specific forms, has been reported in AD brain [13]. Also, PAK1 overe ...
... In the nervous system, dysregulation of PAK signaling is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), and mental retardation [12]. Down-regulation of PAK1 and PAK3, brain specific forms, has been reported in AD brain [13]. Also, PAK1 overe ...
Cerebellum Learning objectives At the end of this lecture, the
... Located dorsal to the pons and medulla Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Programming ballistic movements Acts as comparator for movements Correction of ongoing movements Motor lea ...
... Located dorsal to the pons and medulla Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Programming ballistic movements Acts as comparator for movements Correction of ongoing movements Motor lea ...
BAOJ Neurology
... connections apart from these three already known connections. It is believed that projections from the layer III of the entorhinal cortex make direct connections with the CA1 region. Hippocampal development has been studied since a long time using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Joseph Altman and Shir ...
... connections apart from these three already known connections. It is believed that projections from the layer III of the entorhinal cortex make direct connections with the CA1 region. Hippocampal development has been studied since a long time using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Joseph Altman and Shir ...
Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits
... can be involved in a heterosynaptic form of plasticity (Basu et al., 2013) and modulate temporal association memory (Kitamura et al., 2014). Feed-back or recurrent inhibition, on the other hand, requires that principal neurons in a given circuit discharge first and recruit a postsynaptic inhibitory n ...
... can be involved in a heterosynaptic form of plasticity (Basu et al., 2013) and modulate temporal association memory (Kitamura et al., 2014). Feed-back or recurrent inhibition, on the other hand, requires that principal neurons in a given circuit discharge first and recruit a postsynaptic inhibitory n ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... result in serious neurodevelopmental problems ranging from malformation of cortical development, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, to sensorineural hearing loss [1]. These injuries once incurred on the developing nervous system are often irreversible. The mechanism of injury with which CMV causes ...
... result in serious neurodevelopmental problems ranging from malformation of cortical development, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, to sensorineural hearing loss [1]. These injuries once incurred on the developing nervous system are often irreversible. The mechanism of injury with which CMV causes ...
Cerebellar Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology
... (N-methyl-d-aspartic acid), and kainate. These are ligand-gated ion channels, meaning that when glutamate binds, charged ions pass through a channel in the receptor center. Both basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer express presynaptic AMPA receptors, to which overflow glutamate from clim ...
... (N-methyl-d-aspartic acid), and kainate. These are ligand-gated ion channels, meaning that when glutamate binds, charged ions pass through a channel in the receptor center. Both basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer express presynaptic AMPA receptors, to which overflow glutamate from clim ...
Integrating Optogenetic and Pharmacological Approaches to Study
... dopaminergic neurons of the VTA required an optogenetic approach. Selective stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons in a burst-like fashion was sufficient to produce reward-seeking behavior, whereas tonic stimulation patterns did not (Tsai et al., 2009). In addition, phasic optogenetic stimulation of do ...
... dopaminergic neurons of the VTA required an optogenetic approach. Selective stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons in a burst-like fashion was sufficient to produce reward-seeking behavior, whereas tonic stimulation patterns did not (Tsai et al., 2009). In addition, phasic optogenetic stimulation of do ...
Maruska et al. 2007
... Ota et al. (1996, 1999a,b) did demonstrate seasonal changes in vasotocin gene expression that were correlated with plasma steroid levels in masu salmon, but these studies concentrated on immature and pre-spawning individuals. Measures for AVT-ir cell numbers and size among cell groups, sexes, and se ...
... Ota et al. (1996, 1999a,b) did demonstrate seasonal changes in vasotocin gene expression that were correlated with plasma steroid levels in masu salmon, but these studies concentrated on immature and pre-spawning individuals. Measures for AVT-ir cell numbers and size among cell groups, sexes, and se ...
Understanding the Human Sensory Conduction of Smell
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... responsive cells. Two cells recorded extracellularly and one recorded in current-clamp, which had previously responded to orexin A, did not respond to orexin B. The previous application of the voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (0.5 M) did not prevent the depolarization caused by ore ...
... responsive cells. Two cells recorded extracellularly and one recorded in current-clamp, which had previously responded to orexin A, did not respond to orexin B. The previous application of the voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (0.5 M) did not prevent the depolarization caused by ore ...
Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It is composed of four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition. Along with the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the SVZ is one of two places where neurogenesis has been found to occur in the adult mammalian brain.