Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
... Amino acids are monomers and are joined together by peptide bonds Polymers are polypeptides with 3 levels of structures (fig 2.13 page 28) – heat, low pH can cause unraveling ...
... Amino acids are monomers and are joined together by peptide bonds Polymers are polypeptides with 3 levels of structures (fig 2.13 page 28) – heat, low pH can cause unraveling ...
Manipulating DNA - Emerald Meadow Stables
... • How can a researcher obtain DNA that encodes a particular gene of interest? First, you have to have an idea of what the gene is you want to work with (get a genomic library). Then: • Using a nucleic acid probe consisting of a short single strand of DNA with a complementary sequence and labeled wit ...
... • How can a researcher obtain DNA that encodes a particular gene of interest? First, you have to have an idea of what the gene is you want to work with (get a genomic library). Then: • Using a nucleic acid probe consisting of a short single strand of DNA with a complementary sequence and labeled wit ...
DNA Mutations
... – If DNA polymerase does not fix the small number of errors, they build up over time and eventually __________________________________ ...
... – If DNA polymerase does not fix the small number of errors, they build up over time and eventually __________________________________ ...
Ch - Fairview High School
... Function in cells – Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids: Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to _______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room temperature they are typi ...
... Function in cells – Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids: Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to _______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room temperature they are typi ...
Unit V DNA RNA Protein Synthesis
... Genes are the units that determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood type. Genes are lengths of DNA molecules that determine the structure of polypeptides (the building blocks of proteins) that our cells make. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino ...
... Genes are the units that determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood type. Genes are lengths of DNA molecules that determine the structure of polypeptides (the building blocks of proteins) that our cells make. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino ...
3. Organic Compounds
... A polypeptide is one linear chain of amino acids. A protein may contain one or more polypeptides. Proteins also sometimes contain small helper molecules such as heme. After the polypeptides are synthesized by the cell, they spontaneously fold up into a characteristic conformation which allows them t ...
... A polypeptide is one linear chain of amino acids. A protein may contain one or more polypeptides. Proteins also sometimes contain small helper molecules such as heme. After the polypeptides are synthesized by the cell, they spontaneously fold up into a characteristic conformation which allows them t ...
ReviewExamIII
... What are the two parts of photosynthesis called (note: the light independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin Cycle)? What is the function of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration? Why do glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle stop running when oxygen is lacking? How does fermentation allow glycoly ...
... What are the two parts of photosynthesis called (note: the light independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin Cycle)? What is the function of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration? Why do glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle stop running when oxygen is lacking? How does fermentation allow glycoly ...
Sample Free Response Biochem Answers
... 3. Describe and discuss four aspects of protein structure. (8) Primary structure – sequence of amino acids, as determined by transcription of DNA and translation of RNA at ribosomes Secondary Structure – the hydrogen bonding between the peptide bond carbonyl and the hydrogen of the amine nitrogen b ...
... 3. Describe and discuss four aspects of protein structure. (8) Primary structure – sequence of amino acids, as determined by transcription of DNA and translation of RNA at ribosomes Secondary Structure – the hydrogen bonding between the peptide bond carbonyl and the hydrogen of the amine nitrogen b ...
Chromosomes
... after crossing with some lines with Ac (activator) (= line carrying „activator“ Ac) ...
... after crossing with some lines with Ac (activator) (= line carrying „activator“ Ac) ...
Macromolecules Review ws Name the 6 main elements that make
... and three fatty acids chains. This is known as a triglyceride 19. If there are all SINGLE bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be saturated ...
... and three fatty acids chains. This is known as a triglyceride 19. If there are all SINGLE bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be saturated ...
2 - Griffith Research Online
... of the reacting duplex. Interstrand disulfide crosslinks, introduced by oxidation of thiouracil and thioguanine bases, abolished the specificity of human FEN1 for hydrolysis one nucleotide into the 5'-duplex. Site-specific hydrolysis of the phosphate diester bonds of nucleic acids with aberrant stru ...
... of the reacting duplex. Interstrand disulfide crosslinks, introduced by oxidation of thiouracil and thioguanine bases, abolished the specificity of human FEN1 for hydrolysis one nucleotide into the 5'-duplex. Site-specific hydrolysis of the phosphate diester bonds of nucleic acids with aberrant stru ...
Flip Folder 6 KEY - Madison County Schools
... Enzyme that clips only a couple base pairs in front of helicase to prevent the DNA double helix from “kinking” or “twisting” too much in front of the replication fork. c. Single-strand binding proteins The 2 strands of a double helix bind together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. These bonds are ...
... Enzyme that clips only a couple base pairs in front of helicase to prevent the DNA double helix from “kinking” or “twisting” too much in front of the replication fork. c. Single-strand binding proteins The 2 strands of a double helix bind together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. These bonds are ...
Biological Catalysts
... covalent bonds (disulphide bridges) & hydrophobic interactions between the amino acid side chains. Enzymes are tertiary structures, and not quaternary as they contain just one polypeptide chain rather than several polypeptides that make up the quaternary structure. ...
... covalent bonds (disulphide bridges) & hydrophobic interactions between the amino acid side chains. Enzymes are tertiary structures, and not quaternary as they contain just one polypeptide chain rather than several polypeptides that make up the quaternary structure. ...
m5zn_a4ac3a22336dedd
... The process of 5′ capping is vital to creating mature messenger RNA, which is then able to undergo translation. Capping ensures the messenger RNA's stability while it undergoes translation in the process of protein synthesis, and is a highly regulated process that occurs in the cell nucleus. Because ...
... The process of 5′ capping is vital to creating mature messenger RNA, which is then able to undergo translation. Capping ensures the messenger RNA's stability while it undergoes translation in the process of protein synthesis, and is a highly regulated process that occurs in the cell nucleus. Because ...
Lecture #8 Date
... abnormally long stretches of tandemly repeated nucleotide triplets within the affected gene. – Fragile X syndrome is caused by hundreds to thousands of repeats of CGG in the leader sequence of the fragile X gene. Problems at this site lead to mental retardation. – Huntington’s disease, another neu ...
... abnormally long stretches of tandemly repeated nucleotide triplets within the affected gene. – Fragile X syndrome is caused by hundreds to thousands of repeats of CGG in the leader sequence of the fragile X gene. Problems at this site lead to mental retardation. – Huntington’s disease, another neu ...
Biology EOCT Review – 2010
... The 1st and 2nd mutations, deletion and insertion, are considered to be frameshift mutations because the reading frame has been shifted causing different sets of codons to be read. In #7, one of the organic compounds in the table was protein. Based on the changes in the amino acid structures in the ...
... The 1st and 2nd mutations, deletion and insertion, are considered to be frameshift mutations because the reading frame has been shifted causing different sets of codons to be read. In #7, one of the organic compounds in the table was protein. Based on the changes in the amino acid structures in the ...
Transcription and Translation
... ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP. It’s the same ATP as is used for energy in the cell. As with DNA replication, transcription proceeds 5- to 3’: new bases are added to the free 3’ OH group. Unlike replication, transcription does not need to build on a primer. Instead, transcription starts at a region of DNA c ...
... ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP. It’s the same ATP as is used for energy in the cell. As with DNA replication, transcription proceeds 5- to 3’: new bases are added to the free 3’ OH group. Unlike replication, transcription does not need to build on a primer. Instead, transcription starts at a region of DNA c ...
DNA RNA ppt
... 1. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands at a promoter region on the DNA 2. mRNA adds nucleotides in sequence 3. RNA polymerase falls off the DNA at a terminator sequence on the DNA ...
... 1. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands at a promoter region on the DNA 2. mRNA adds nucleotides in sequence 3. RNA polymerase falls off the DNA at a terminator sequence on the DNA ...
Transcription and Translation
... ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP. It’s the same ATP as is used for energy in the cell. As with DNA replication, transcription proceeds 5- to 3’: new bases are added to the free 3’ OH group. Unlike replication, transcription does not need to build on a primer. Instead, transcription starts at a region of DNA c ...
... ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP. It’s the same ATP as is used for energy in the cell. As with DNA replication, transcription proceeds 5- to 3’: new bases are added to the free 3’ OH group. Unlike replication, transcription does not need to build on a primer. Instead, transcription starts at a region of DNA c ...
DNA amplification 2
... identify microorganisms, a DNA or RNA target sequence unique (or certainly very rare in other microorganisms) must be known in order to produce primers or probes complementary to it. Also, this sequence must be highly conserved, i.e. present in all/most strains and variants of the particular species ...
... identify microorganisms, a DNA or RNA target sequence unique (or certainly very rare in other microorganisms) must be known in order to produce primers or probes complementary to it. Also, this sequence must be highly conserved, i.e. present in all/most strains and variants of the particular species ...
Chromosome structure & Gene Expression
... DNA between two origins of replications is called a replicon or a replication unit. • Origins of replication consist of an AT-rich sequence (consensus) that is adjacent to special flanking sequences. ...
... DNA between two origins of replications is called a replicon or a replication unit. • Origins of replication consist of an AT-rich sequence (consensus) that is adjacent to special flanking sequences. ...
9.5 Genomics and Bioinformatics KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
... – comparisons of genomes within and across species ...
... – comparisons of genomes within and across species ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.