Summary of Additional A-level Paper 2 content - A
... the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 2-deoxyribose of another nucleotide which results in a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate polymer chain with bases attached to the sugars in the chain, and that DNA exists as two complementary strands arranged in the form of a double helix, and I can explai ...
... the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 2-deoxyribose of another nucleotide which results in a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate polymer chain with bases attached to the sugars in the chain, and that DNA exists as two complementary strands arranged in the form of a double helix, and I can explai ...
Importance of Enzymes to Value
... peaches , and leafy salads, and the bleaching of the green color of green beans, English peas, and leafy vegetables are usually considered undesirable changes. Color develops during ripening. It result s from the maturation (senescence) process that leads to rapid increase in cell size, flavor enhan ...
... peaches , and leafy salads, and the bleaching of the green color of green beans, English peas, and leafy vegetables are usually considered undesirable changes. Color develops during ripening. It result s from the maturation (senescence) process that leads to rapid increase in cell size, flavor enhan ...
Selection of Functional Signal Peptide Cleavage Sites from a Library of Random Sequences.
... SDS-PAGE. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel was placed against blotting paper and dried in a gel dryer. The dried gel was used for autoradiography. RESULTS Signal peptide cleavage site random-substitution library. To identify amino acid sequences that are effective substrates for signal peptidase, the codo ...
... SDS-PAGE. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel was placed against blotting paper and dried in a gel dryer. The dried gel was used for autoradiography. RESULTS Signal peptide cleavage site random-substitution library. To identify amino acid sequences that are effective substrates for signal peptidase, the codo ...
Synthetic Life - Colin Mayfield
... • Designing synthetic bacteria ensures that synthetic DNA can be used for valuable things in our lives • The key is to understand how to change this software in order to create synthetic life • Can lead to powerful technology and many applications and products: biofuel, medicines, food, etc. ...
... • Designing synthetic bacteria ensures that synthetic DNA can be used for valuable things in our lives • The key is to understand how to change this software in order to create synthetic life • Can lead to powerful technology and many applications and products: biofuel, medicines, food, etc. ...
Francis Harry Compton Crick – Nobel Lecture
... and Matthaei6, that one can use synthetic RNA for this purpose. In particular they found that polyuridylic acid - an RNA in which every base is uracil - will promote the synthesis of polyphenylalanine when added to a cell-free system which was already known to synthesize polypeptide chains. Thus on ...
... and Matthaei6, that one can use synthetic RNA for this purpose. In particular they found that polyuridylic acid - an RNA in which every base is uracil - will promote the synthesis of polyphenylalanine when added to a cell-free system which was already known to synthesize polypeptide chains. Thus on ...
NUPACK 2.0 User Guide (Nucleic Acid Package)
... considered to be distinct; there are no distinguishability corrections. For example, the two strands labeled 2 in Example 2 are considered distinct. One might think of them as strand 2a and 2b, and a given base of strand 2a may have different pair probabilities than the corresponding one in strand P ...
... considered to be distinct; there are no distinguishability corrections. For example, the two strands labeled 2 in Example 2 are considered distinct. One might think of them as strand 2a and 2b, and a given base of strand 2a may have different pair probabilities than the corresponding one in strand P ...
QUESTIONS AND ANSWER TO PROBLEM SETS
... Answer: Understanding our genes may help to diagnose inherited diseases. It may also lead to the development of drugs to combat diseases. Other answers are possible. FIGURE 1.2 Concept check: What ethical issues may be associated with human cloning? Answer: There are many ethical issues associated w ...
... Answer: Understanding our genes may help to diagnose inherited diseases. It may also lead to the development of drugs to combat diseases. Other answers are possible. FIGURE 1.2 Concept check: What ethical issues may be associated with human cloning? Answer: There are many ethical issues associated w ...
Chromosome mapping of the sweet potato little leaf
... To further understand the genomic diversity and genetic architecture of phytoplasmas, a physical and genetic map of the sweet potato little leaf (SPLL) strain V4 phytoplasma chromosome was determined. PFGE was used to determine the size of the SPLL-V4 genome, which was estimated to be 622 kb. A phys ...
... To further understand the genomic diversity and genetic architecture of phytoplasmas, a physical and genetic map of the sweet potato little leaf (SPLL) strain V4 phytoplasma chromosome was determined. PFGE was used to determine the size of the SPLL-V4 genome, which was estimated to be 622 kb. A phys ...
Y11 Life Science 2016
... The importance of variation within populations (population and species survival) in a changing environment such as pest infestation, disease, drought, or flood Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction. ...
... The importance of variation within populations (population and species survival) in a changing environment such as pest infestation, disease, drought, or flood Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction. ...
lab6
... the two strands may not overlap. That is, any position in the sequence given in the training set may be contained in an occurrence of a motif on the positive strand or the negative strand, but not both. ...
... the two strands may not overlap. That is, any position in the sequence given in the training set may be contained in an occurrence of a motif on the positive strand or the negative strand, but not both. ...
Lesson Overview Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
... Molecular biology seeks to explain living organisms by studying them at the molecular level, using molecules like DNA and RNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein. There are many exceptions to this “dogma,” but it serves as a useful ge ...
... Molecular biology seeks to explain living organisms by studying them at the molecular level, using molecules like DNA and RNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein. There are many exceptions to this “dogma,” but it serves as a useful ge ...
The cytoplasm of living cells: a functional mixture of thousands of
... vivo environment. The copying of DNA is one such process; it is done by the cooperative action of a complex of a number of proteins that bind to the double helix of DNA. Studies of the copying of DNA [16, 17] found that it was impossible to initiate the copying process in vitro unless a concentrated ...
... vivo environment. The copying of DNA is one such process; it is done by the cooperative action of a complex of a number of proteins that bind to the double helix of DNA. Studies of the copying of DNA [16, 17] found that it was impossible to initiate the copying process in vitro unless a concentrated ...
DNA markers in plant genome analysis With the advent of molecular
... fragments of the same molecular weight and can even detect changes of a few nucleotide bases as the mobility of the single-stranded DNA changes with change in its GC content due to its conformational change. To overcome problems of reannealing and complex banding patterns, an improved technique call ...
... fragments of the same molecular weight and can even detect changes of a few nucleotide bases as the mobility of the single-stranded DNA changes with change in its GC content due to its conformational change. To overcome problems of reannealing and complex banding patterns, an improved technique call ...
Purification of total DNA from animal sperm using the
... It is essential that the sample, Buffer AL, and ethanol are mixed immediately and thoroughly by vortexing or pipetting to yield a homogeneous solution. Buffer AL and ethanol can be premixed and added together in one step to save time when processing multiple samples. A white precipitate may form on ...
... It is essential that the sample, Buffer AL, and ethanol are mixed immediately and thoroughly by vortexing or pipetting to yield a homogeneous solution. Buffer AL and ethanol can be premixed and added together in one step to save time when processing multiple samples. A white precipitate may form on ...
Cloning of Hyaluronan Synthase (sz-has) Gene from
... Sequencing kit, Pharmacia Biochemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) using an automated DNA sequencing system (ALF express, Pharmacia Biochemicals, Uppsala, Sweden). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed using DNASISTM software (Hitachi software Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Subcloning sz-has ...
... Sequencing kit, Pharmacia Biochemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) using an automated DNA sequencing system (ALF express, Pharmacia Biochemicals, Uppsala, Sweden). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed using DNASISTM software (Hitachi software Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Subcloning sz-has ...
Mutations Lab
... 9. In the space below, transcribe the mRNA copy of the sequence of the mutated DNA (using the lower half of the double-stranded DNA). Then translate the mRNA codons into the amino acids that they code for. Repeat the steps you used for the normal DNA to create your mutated protein. ...
... 9. In the space below, transcribe the mRNA copy of the sequence of the mutated DNA (using the lower half of the double-stranded DNA). Then translate the mRNA codons into the amino acids that they code for. Repeat the steps you used for the normal DNA to create your mutated protein. ...
New Advances in Catalytic Systems for Conversion of CH4 and CO2
... methane and carbon dioxide to useful products. To realize this goal, researches on new catalytic systems are being globally focused. The exploration has been evolved from traditional heterogeneous catalysis into homogeneous catalysis. Coordinate complexes, biochemical and bionics, and photo- and ele ...
... methane and carbon dioxide to useful products. To realize this goal, researches on new catalytic systems are being globally focused. The exploration has been evolved from traditional heterogeneous catalysis into homogeneous catalysis. Coordinate complexes, biochemical and bionics, and photo- and ele ...
pen-1: perithecial neck-1 VII. Linked csp-2 (4%)
... The enzyme catalase, as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, is considered one of the Linkage group assignments for two primary defenses against the toxic effects of oxygen. The genetic control of N. crassa catalase Neurospora crassa catalase genes: is of special interest to us, because this enzyme is ...
... The enzyme catalase, as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, is considered one of the Linkage group assignments for two primary defenses against the toxic effects of oxygen. The genetic control of N. crassa catalase Neurospora crassa catalase genes: is of special interest to us, because this enzyme is ...
The study of threshold determination of gene identification and its
... DNA is the carrier of biological genetic information. It uses genetic code to store information, and guides the synthesis of proteins. The accurate deliver of genetic information of protein could make the various life functions completely. Along with the successful completion of world human genome p ...
... DNA is the carrier of biological genetic information. It uses genetic code to store information, and guides the synthesis of proteins. The accurate deliver of genetic information of protein could make the various life functions completely. Along with the successful completion of world human genome p ...
Supplementary Data
... was stopped by the addition of glycine to a final concentration of 125mM. Chromatin was prepared as described previously (Clayton et al., 2000) with modifications (Thomson et al., 2001). ...
... was stopped by the addition of glycine to a final concentration of 125mM. Chromatin was prepared as described previously (Clayton et al., 2000) with modifications (Thomson et al., 2001). ...
Document
... Know what restriction enzymes, “sticky ends” are, their function, and how they are useful in recombinant technology, where restriction enzymes come from Know the functions of promoter, operator, enhancer, regulator sites on DNA Know the different levels of control/their order in gene activity/expres ...
... Know what restriction enzymes, “sticky ends” are, their function, and how they are useful in recombinant technology, where restriction enzymes come from Know the functions of promoter, operator, enhancer, regulator sites on DNA Know the different levels of control/their order in gene activity/expres ...
Energetics of protein–DNA interactions
... rigorous method been proposed to compare these models. In addition to gaining a better understanding of these important interactions, the unique features of protein–DNA interactions provide additional motivation for investigation. These unique features are most apparent when one compares the study o ...
... rigorous method been proposed to compare these models. In addition to gaining a better understanding of these important interactions, the unique features of protein–DNA interactions provide additional motivation for investigation. These unique features are most apparent when one compares the study o ...
Nucleic Acids Research
... an N-mer is added to the list described above, the positions in K or more sequences of the last N-mers to have differed from it at M or fewer positions are read from the new arrays and listed with it. Moreover, this set of positions is compared with all sets of positions already on the list, and if ...
... an N-mer is added to the list described above, the positions in K or more sequences of the last N-mers to have differed from it at M or fewer positions are read from the new arrays and listed with it. Moreover, this set of positions is compared with all sets of positions already on the list, and if ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.