DNA binding
... The z, y, and a genes are transcribed to give a single mRNA molecule that encodes all three proteins. An mRNA molecule encoding more than one protein is known as a polygenic or polycistronic transcript. ...
... The z, y, and a genes are transcribed to give a single mRNA molecule that encodes all three proteins. An mRNA molecule encoding more than one protein is known as a polygenic or polycistronic transcript. ...
Answer Key
... The graph below shows the blood glucose levels of a healthy person over a short period of time. Which hormone is most likely secreted by the pancreas at point A? ...
... The graph below shows the blood glucose levels of a healthy person over a short period of time. Which hormone is most likely secreted by the pancreas at point A? ...
2 points: Genetics and DNA
... 4 points: Life, Chemistry, Cells • Forty people are divided equally into two groups. One group is given water and the other heart medicine. After a month their pulse is compared. What is the independent variable? ...
... 4 points: Life, Chemistry, Cells • Forty people are divided equally into two groups. One group is given water and the other heart medicine. After a month their pulse is compared. What is the independent variable? ...
Chapter summaries
... first true cells. All subsequent forms of life evolved using this basic alphabet. 4. Pre-biotic synthesis is the term applied to non-cellular based methods of amino acid synthesis that existed over 3.6 x 109 years ago. 5. The famous experiment of Urey and Miller demonstrated that the formation of or ...
... first true cells. All subsequent forms of life evolved using this basic alphabet. 4. Pre-biotic synthesis is the term applied to non-cellular based methods of amino acid synthesis that existed over 3.6 x 109 years ago. 5. The famous experiment of Urey and Miller demonstrated that the formation of or ...
3 | biological macromolecules
... Benefits of Carbohydrates Are carbohydrates good for you? People who wish to lose weight are often told that carbohydrates are bad for them and should be avoided. Some diets completely forbid carbohydrate consumption, claiming that a low-carbohydrate diet helps people to lose weight faster. However, ...
... Benefits of Carbohydrates Are carbohydrates good for you? People who wish to lose weight are often told that carbohydrates are bad for them and should be avoided. Some diets completely forbid carbohydrate consumption, claiming that a low-carbohydrate diet helps people to lose weight faster. However, ...
PTC_241Lecture005Cells
... condensed. It’s all bound up very nicely with histones into those nucleosomes and it can’t be activated because of that and it’s very, very dark in color. So you might look at a nucleus during interphase and you might see some dark areas and then some light areas and that’s just different areas of t ...
... condensed. It’s all bound up very nicely with histones into those nucleosomes and it can’t be activated because of that and it’s very, very dark in color. So you might look at a nucleus during interphase and you might see some dark areas and then some light areas and that’s just different areas of t ...
Protease inhibitor Phase 3 Intercell Novartis IC41 Therapeutic
... • Only infects humans and chimpanzees • This is a virus that mainly affects the Liver – Asymptomatic ...
... • Only infects humans and chimpanzees • This is a virus that mainly affects the Liver – Asymptomatic ...
Directional selection.
... mutations that would otherwise decrease fitness (purifying selection). The distinction between neutral and selected mutations is not entirely clearcut. If the population size is small, even mutations with very large values of s (or very small negative values) may have nearly the same fixation probab ...
... mutations that would otherwise decrease fitness (purifying selection). The distinction between neutral and selected mutations is not entirely clearcut. If the population size is small, even mutations with very large values of s (or very small negative values) may have nearly the same fixation probab ...
Biology Prokaryotes: The First Life on Earth
... Archaea were classified as bacteria until very recently. In 1977, they were separated from bacteria into their own domain, or grouping. Archaea Many archaea are extremophiles, organisms that live in environments where life had been considered impossible. They have be found living in areas of extreme ...
... Archaea were classified as bacteria until very recently. In 1977, they were separated from bacteria into their own domain, or grouping. Archaea Many archaea are extremophiles, organisms that live in environments where life had been considered impossible. They have be found living in areas of extreme ...
Chpt12_RNAProcessing.doc
... cleave a particular mRNA, thereby turning off expression of a particular gene. If over-expression or ectopic expression of a defined gene were the cause of some pathology (e.g. some form of cancer), then reducing its expression could have therapeutic value. Other RNAs possibly involved in catalysis, ...
... cleave a particular mRNA, thereby turning off expression of a particular gene. If over-expression or ectopic expression of a defined gene were the cause of some pathology (e.g. some form of cancer), then reducing its expression could have therapeutic value. Other RNAs possibly involved in catalysis, ...
as a PDF
... over the length of the gene. A cycle of 6 steps is then postulated for the matching of each slave in turn against the master, namely: (1) breakage of the complementary chain of the slave at the terminus (non-operator) end of the gene; (2) dissociation of the chains of the slave over the length of th ...
... over the length of the gene. A cycle of 6 steps is then postulated for the matching of each slave in turn against the master, namely: (1) breakage of the complementary chain of the slave at the terminus (non-operator) end of the gene; (2) dissociation of the chains of the slave over the length of th ...
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus
... The CT value obtained with the internal control will vary significantly depending on the extraction efficiency, the quantity of RNA added to the RT and PCR reaction and the individual machine settings. CT values of 28±3 are within the normal range. When amplifying a IPNV sample with a high genome co ...
... The CT value obtained with the internal control will vary significantly depending on the extraction efficiency, the quantity of RNA added to the RT and PCR reaction and the individual machine settings. CT values of 28±3 are within the normal range. When amplifying a IPNV sample with a high genome co ...
Lecture 12 - Biocatalysis
... is too strong, and the donation of hydride is NOT reversible Once more NaBH4 reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas so it cannot exist long or be regenerated in a living system From NADH to NAD+, the donation of hydride is an equilibrium process (controlled by Le Chatlier’s principle), as both th ...
... is too strong, and the donation of hydride is NOT reversible Once more NaBH4 reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas so it cannot exist long or be regenerated in a living system From NADH to NAD+, the donation of hydride is an equilibrium process (controlled by Le Chatlier’s principle), as both th ...
Supplemental Digital Content
... software (Molecular Biology Insights Inc, Cascade, CO). A number of refractory primers were tested on DNA from KRAS mutated colorectal cancer samples as well as normal donor DNA. In order to increase the specificity of the qPCR reactions a wild-type blocking oligo was added in some reactions. The bl ...
... software (Molecular Biology Insights Inc, Cascade, CO). A number of refractory primers were tested on DNA from KRAS mutated colorectal cancer samples as well as normal donor DNA. In order to increase the specificity of the qPCR reactions a wild-type blocking oligo was added in some reactions. The bl ...
Standard Mutation Nomenclature in Molecular Diagnostics
... Another important issue is the choice of proper nomenclature for intronic variants. To describe an intronic variant clearly and unequivocally, one should use a genomic reference sequence that contains uninterrupted genomic DNA sequence including introns. In contrast, a coding DNA reference sequence ...
... Another important issue is the choice of proper nomenclature for intronic variants. To describe an intronic variant clearly and unequivocally, one should use a genomic reference sequence that contains uninterrupted genomic DNA sequence including introns. In contrast, a coding DNA reference sequence ...
Construction of a set of convenient saccharomyces cerevisiae
... replacement. For each marker, we determined that for the European Union Yeast Genome Sequencthe auxotrophy segregated 2 : 2 in tetrads (data not ing Programme. This DNA has been or is curshown) and confirmed the gene replacement by rently being used for sequencing chromosomes Southern analysis (data ...
... replacement. For each marker, we determined that for the European Union Yeast Genome Sequencthe auxotrophy segregated 2 : 2 in tetrads (data not ing Programme. This DNA has been or is curshown) and confirmed the gene replacement by rently being used for sequencing chromosomes Southern analysis (data ...
Translation: RNA-protein
... – nearly universal: shared by the simplest bacteria, plants, fungi and animals ...
... – nearly universal: shared by the simplest bacteria, plants, fungi and animals ...
2011_InstructorSlidesR
... Objectives of Group Research Projects • Enable participants to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analyses to discover something new about themselves or the surrounding microbial environment • Run 2-3 different projects, to keep group number to a manageable size and so differe ...
... Objectives of Group Research Projects • Enable participants to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analyses to discover something new about themselves or the surrounding microbial environment • Run 2-3 different projects, to keep group number to a manageable size and so differe ...
![Crystal structures of -[Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ 1 with oligonucleotides](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/023790436_1-6c83654c03a0a35fc50303cc056eabf6-300x300.png)
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... 3. Predict whether gene expression (from initiation of transcription to final protein product) would be faster in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Explain your answer. Answer—The process of gene expression would occur more quickly in the prokaryotic cell for a number of reasons. The process of tran ...
... 3. Predict whether gene expression (from initiation of transcription to final protein product) would be faster in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Explain your answer. Answer—The process of gene expression would occur more quickly in the prokaryotic cell for a number of reasons. The process of tran ...
19.1 CONSTITUTIVE, INDUCIBLE AND REPRESSIBLE GENE
... Justifications for Studying the Lac Operon Lac gene regulation is a classic case because the Operon Model was the first example of the molecular basis for environment-genome interaction. Substrate recognition and catalysis by E. coli β-galactosidase does not depend on recognition of the glucose moi ...
... Justifications for Studying the Lac Operon Lac gene regulation is a classic case because the Operon Model was the first example of the molecular basis for environment-genome interaction. Substrate recognition and catalysis by E. coli β-galactosidase does not depend on recognition of the glucose moi ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 15 Answers 1. The
... 3. Predict whether gene expression (from initiation of transcription to final protein product) would be faster in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Explain your answer. Answer—The process of gene expression would occur more quickly in the prokaryotic cell for a number of reasons. The process of tran ...
... 3. Predict whether gene expression (from initiation of transcription to final protein product) would be faster in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Explain your answer. Answer—The process of gene expression would occur more quickly in the prokaryotic cell for a number of reasons. The process of tran ...
The genome organisation of vertebrates
... very low level in prokaryotes) of noncoding sequences. These can be both intergenic, between genes, and intragenic, within genes. The latter sequences, called introns, separate different coding stretches, or exons, of most eukaryotic genes. The intron parts of the primary RNA transcript are eliminat ...
... very low level in prokaryotes) of noncoding sequences. These can be both intergenic, between genes, and intragenic, within genes. The latter sequences, called introns, separate different coding stretches, or exons, of most eukaryotic genes. The intron parts of the primary RNA transcript are eliminat ...
Deoxyribozyme
_DNAzyme.png?width=300)
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.