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DNA Review
DNA Review

... Basic unit of all life Human composed of ~100 trillion cells Cell has organelles for different functions Nucleus contains the code of life deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Every cell except for red blood cells (don’t have nucleus) contain DNA • DNA – complete set of instructions for making entire organis ...
Topic 1: Cell biology (15 hours)
Topic 1: Cell biology (15 hours)

... chain reaction (PCR). two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. 11. Application: Production of human insulin in bacteria 4. DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a as an example of the universality of the genetic code new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a allowing gene transfer be ...
mg-lecure1 - WordPress.com
mg-lecure1 - WordPress.com

... – In most animal cells, about 5% of the cytosine bases are methylated – More than 50% of the cytosine bases in some plants are methylated – No methylation of cytosine has been detected in yeast cells – very low levels of methylation (about 1 methylated cytosine base per 12,500 nucleotides) are found ...
DNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA & Protein Synthesis

... adenine, adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, guanine, cytosine cytosine ...
Study Guide: Meiosis and Genetics
Study Guide: Meiosis and Genetics

... 7.4.1 Why does each transfer RNA only bind with one specific amino acid? What regulates this? 7.4.2 Describe the structure of the ribosome. What is it made of? ...
Leukaemia Section t(3;11)(q25;q23) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Leukaemia Section t(3;11)(q25;q23) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

... Protein 431 kDa; contains two DNA binding motifs (a AT hook, and Zinc fingers), a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain; transcriptional regulatory factor; nuclear localisation. ...
Worksheet 15.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Worksheet 15.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering

... Examples include vitamin-rich rice, human proteins made in animals, animal models of human disease (for research), and bacteria that produce human insulin. Gene therapy is the process of changing a gene to treat a disorder. However, gene therapy is still an experimental and high-risk technique. Gene ...
Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME
Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME

... 3. the F factor integrated at different sites and in opposite orientations in the two strains. 4. the F factor integrated at different sites but in the same orientation in the two strains. ...
mRNA
mRNA

... genomic DNA - from organisms plasmid DNA - circular, cloned fragments amplified DNA - specific fragments from PCR Knowing the size of the DNA is beneficial in identifying the fragments – distance migrated is inversely proportional to the size of the molecule DNA size is usually measured in numbers o ...
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RNA world and protocells

... key for understanding the origin of life (in chemistry, the term kinetics is related to the rate of chemical reactions) –  see literature by Addy Pross ...
DNA Ligase Joke (insert laughter here)
DNA Ligase Joke (insert laughter here)

... Strands re-wind automatically following replication-both strands are identical—recall semi-conservative:— each new DNA double-helix has one parental strand and one newly-formed strand No enzyme activity necessary ...
Biochem retest questions
Biochem retest questions

... Why is water a polar molecule? How does polarity allow for cohesion between water molecules? How does cohesion allow for water to have surface tension? How is adhesion different from cohesion? Name 3 other properties of water and explain each. List and draw 7 significant functional groups. For each, ...
DNA2016 - saddlespace.org
DNA2016 - saddlespace.org

... EX: Reading strand from 5’ to 3’ left top down is the same as right bottom up. AP Biology ...
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... 2. RNA polymerase enzyme moves to the specific section of DNA and unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix at that point 3. RNA nucleotides pair with complementary DNA base pairs (A-U, G-C) forming mRNA 4. RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of mRNA ...
Freeman 1e: How we got there
Freeman 1e: How we got there

... necessary to have a chemically modified oligonucleotide. The fluorescent dyes are conjugated to dideoxynucleotides, so a chain termination event is marked with a unique chemical group. Only one reaction needs to be run in this case, because there is no longer a separation between the label and the ...
DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing

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86K(a)
86K(a)

... E. none of the above 24.Which one below is not a kind of direct selection method in genetic engineering: A. antibiotic screening B. marker rescue C. in situ hybridization D. nutrition rescue E. enzyme immunodetection assay 25. The sequence acts as modification point in transcription termination in e ...
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) NOTES
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) NOTES

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... 5. Match the DNA terms appropriately: _______ DNA polymerase _______ Constancy in base pairing _______ Replication _______ DNA double helix ...
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... bloodstream to be distributed to all body cells as needed for glucose regulation. Further information can be found at: http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/insulinproteinstructure.html a. Explain why neither of the polypeptides comprising insulin begin with the amino acid, methionine. b. How many genes cod ...
Biology and Society, Exam II
Biology and Society, Exam II

... 29. One codon of an mRNA reads GUA, which specifies valine. If a mutation changes the first nucleotide of the DNA coding for this RNA to an A, use the genetic code to determine what amino acid will be put in after the mutation. A) leucine (Leu) B) valine (Val) C) aspartate (Asp) D) histidine (His) ...
Planet Detection - University of Washington
Planet Detection - University of Washington

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Biology 303 EXAM II 3/16/99 NAME
Biology 303 EXAM II 3/16/99 NAME

... 12. Hfr bacterial cells exhibit the highest levels of gene transfer because 1. they contain two distinct F factors. 2. they induce the production of significantly more sex pili than normal F+ cells. 3. rather than existing as an isolated plasmid, the F factor is incorporated within the main chromoso ...
structure of proteins
structure of proteins

... helix axis. The planes of the sugars are nearly at right angles to those of the bases. 3. The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases. Adenine is always paired with thymine. Guanine is always paired with cytosine 4. The sequence of bases along a polynucleotide chain is ...
molecular biology first and second lecture Introduction and brief history
molecular biology first and second lecture Introduction and brief history

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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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