Basic Chemistry and Major Biomolecules
... * Metabolism refers to the many chemical reactions used by a cell to both breakdown organic molecules for release of new energy (catabolism) and build up new molecules for growth, which uses energy (anabolism). * Metabolic reactions can proceed very fast reaction rates due to the involvement of enzy ...
... * Metabolism refers to the many chemical reactions used by a cell to both breakdown organic molecules for release of new energy (catabolism) and build up new molecules for growth, which uses energy (anabolism). * Metabolic reactions can proceed very fast reaction rates due to the involvement of enzy ...
Sample question
... alter the characteristics a pea plant will pass on to its offspring. The scientist needs a chemical that can affect pea plants in which way? A. by altering the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the plant’s DNA B. by reducing the total number of copies of the plant’s genetic material C. by changing th ...
... alter the characteristics a pea plant will pass on to its offspring. The scientist needs a chemical that can affect pea plants in which way? A. by altering the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the plant’s DNA B. by reducing the total number of copies of the plant’s genetic material C. by changing th ...
B4 Revision
... A knowledge of genes allows us to do selective breeding. This is where we decide what characteristics we want in the next ...
... A knowledge of genes allows us to do selective breeding. This is where we decide what characteristics we want in the next ...
DNA fingerprinting
... • When the normal gene (betaA) is digested with the enzyme and the fragments separated by electrophoresis, the probe binds to a short fragment • However, the enzyme cannot cut the sickle-cell gene at this site, so the probe attaches to a much larger fragment • In this example, a change of a single ...
... • When the normal gene (betaA) is digested with the enzyme and the fragments separated by electrophoresis, the probe binds to a short fragment • However, the enzyme cannot cut the sickle-cell gene at this site, so the probe attaches to a much larger fragment • In this example, a change of a single ...
Chapter 1 Notes
... Ribosomes are made of 2 subunits that are constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - contains a binding site for mRNA - contains 3 binding sites for tRNA - P site: holds the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain ...
... Ribosomes are made of 2 subunits that are constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - contains a binding site for mRNA - contains 3 binding sites for tRNA - P site: holds the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain ...
DNA
... DNA Replication • Semiconservative Replication – parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA. – Process of copying DNA – Occurs in 3 Steps ...
... DNA Replication • Semiconservative Replication – parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA. – Process of copying DNA – Occurs in 3 Steps ...
Lecture 2 PSY391S John Yeomans
... • Behavior = Genes <=> Environment • Psychologists have studied environmental effects on behavior best for a century. • Human genome project now gives us all the genes. What an opportunity! • Most of these genes are found in lower animals such as mice. • Behavioral effects of single genes can be stu ...
... • Behavior = Genes <=> Environment • Psychologists have studied environmental effects on behavior best for a century. • Human genome project now gives us all the genes. What an opportunity! • Most of these genes are found in lower animals such as mice. • Behavioral effects of single genes can be stu ...
Reproduction and Heredity
... – Meiosis is the process of nuclear division in which the chromosome number is halved • Usually 2n to n – Fertilization is the process where two haploid cells (gametes) fuse ...
... – Meiosis is the process of nuclear division in which the chromosome number is halved • Usually 2n to n – Fertilization is the process where two haploid cells (gametes) fuse ...
Biology Benchmark Exam #4 2010
... DNA serves as a template for RNA production. Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon. Amino acids are bonded together. RNA moves from the nucleus to a ribosome. ...
... DNA serves as a template for RNA production. Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon. Amino acids are bonded together. RNA moves from the nucleus to a ribosome. ...
Mistakes Happen
... What Kinds of Mutations Are There? (you are responsible for all of these) Point Mutation A point mutation is a simple change in which one base of the gene sequence is changed. A single base can be inserted, deleted or substituted. (although you will see it used synonymously with substitution) Exampl ...
... What Kinds of Mutations Are There? (you are responsible for all of these) Point Mutation A point mutation is a simple change in which one base of the gene sequence is changed. A single base can be inserted, deleted or substituted. (although you will see it used synonymously with substitution) Exampl ...
1. What are the 3 parts of DNA nucleotide?
... 12. What is translation? Reading mRNA and creating a protein from the code. Where does it occur in a cell? Ribosome (in the cytoplasm) 13. What is a codon? 3 bases on the mRNA An anticodon? 3 bases on the tRNA 14. What are the 3 types of mutations? Substitution, insertion, and deletion. 15. Determin ...
... 12. What is translation? Reading mRNA and creating a protein from the code. Where does it occur in a cell? Ribosome (in the cytoplasm) 13. What is a codon? 3 bases on the mRNA An anticodon? 3 bases on the tRNA 14. What are the 3 types of mutations? Substitution, insertion, and deletion. 15. Determin ...
Gene Regulation and Mutation Notes and Questions
... one amino acid in a peptide chain • It may or may not have serious effects on an organism. It depends on where the mutation occurs and how it affects the protein for which it codes • It can be harmless • Muscular dystrophy is an example of a disease caused by a point mutation. (nonsense – early STOP ...
... one amino acid in a peptide chain • It may or may not have serious effects on an organism. It depends on where the mutation occurs and how it affects the protein for which it codes • It can be harmless • Muscular dystrophy is an example of a disease caused by a point mutation. (nonsense – early STOP ...
11. Use the following mRNA codon key as needed to... GCC Alanine AAU
... Supplemental Figure 2. Examples of formative and summative questions used to discuss the difficult concept of mutation. The correct answer is highlighted in bold. ...
... Supplemental Figure 2. Examples of formative and summative questions used to discuss the difficult concept of mutation. The correct answer is highlighted in bold. ...
EOC Study Checklist
... o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish” o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases) o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anti ...
... o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish” o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases) o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anti ...
Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
... • Carbodiimide covalent binding to an activated surface • Attachment of biotin-functionalized probes to avidin-coated surfaces • Adsorptive accumulation onto carbon-paste or disposable strip electrodes. ...
... • Carbodiimide covalent binding to an activated surface • Attachment of biotin-functionalized probes to avidin-coated surfaces • Adsorptive accumulation onto carbon-paste or disposable strip electrodes. ...
2nd lesson Medical students Medical Biology
... enzyme responsible is RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes there is a single RNA polymerase enzyme, but in eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase (I, II, and III). These synthesize ribosomal, messenger, and transfer/5S ribosomal RNAs, respectively. When the RNA molecule is released, it may be ...
... enzyme responsible is RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes there is a single RNA polymerase enzyme, but in eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase (I, II, and III). These synthesize ribosomal, messenger, and transfer/5S ribosomal RNAs, respectively. When the RNA molecule is released, it may be ...
2nd lesson Medical students Medical Biology
... enzyme responsible is RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes there is a single RNA polymerase enzyme, but in eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase (I, II, and III). These synthesize ribosomal, messenger, and transfer/5S ribosomal RNAs, respectively. When the RNA molecule is released, it may be ...
... enzyme responsible is RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes there is a single RNA polymerase enzyme, but in eukaryotes there are three types of RNA polymerase (I, II, and III). These synthesize ribosomal, messenger, and transfer/5S ribosomal RNAs, respectively. When the RNA molecule is released, it may be ...
Amino Acids
... (making sure that all cells get the same information), Transcription (DNA sequence directing RNA sequence), and Translation (RNA directing amino acid sequence in proteins). ...
... (making sure that all cells get the same information), Transcription (DNA sequence directing RNA sequence), and Translation (RNA directing amino acid sequence in proteins). ...
Regulation of Gene Expression – Part III
... • ____________________– change in a ________ DNA nucleotide, and, therefore, possible change in a specific amino acid ex. What results in the cell sickled red blood cell • ____________________– occur most often when 1 or more nucleotides are either a) inserted or b) deleted from DNA. Result: a compl ...
... • ____________________– change in a ________ DNA nucleotide, and, therefore, possible change in a specific amino acid ex. What results in the cell sickled red blood cell • ____________________– occur most often when 1 or more nucleotides are either a) inserted or b) deleted from DNA. Result: a compl ...
4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology – summary of mark
... plasmids are cut open with endonucleases (at specific sequences); genes / DNA fragments from another organism cleaved by same restriction enzyme; gene of interest and plasmid are mixed together; addition of “sticky ends” to the DNA copy (so that it will combine with the cut plasmid); DNA ligase will ...
... plasmids are cut open with endonucleases (at specific sequences); genes / DNA fragments from another organism cleaved by same restriction enzyme; gene of interest and plasmid are mixed together; addition of “sticky ends” to the DNA copy (so that it will combine with the cut plasmid); DNA ligase will ...
MACROMOLECULES - Savitha Sastry
... Group is phosphate group glycerol and a • +polar R – fatty acid group phosphate (hydrophilic) hydrocarbon group thetails • The fattyatacid chain third position are hydrophobic, • X – other but the phosphate groups group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head • -know to recognize it! ...
... Group is phosphate group glycerol and a • +polar R – fatty acid group phosphate (hydrophilic) hydrocarbon group thetails • The fattyatacid chain third position are hydrophobic, • X – other but the phosphate groups group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head • -know to recognize it! ...
CENTRAL DOGMA AND GENE REGULATION
... CENTRAL DOGMA AND GENE REGULATION Proteins are made of amino acids; a string of amino acids is a polypeptide and when the chain folds into its 3-D shape it is a protein. Protein synthesis requires, transcription and translation. 1. Transcription :: the information on DNA is copied onto a length of m ...
... CENTRAL DOGMA AND GENE REGULATION Proteins are made of amino acids; a string of amino acids is a polypeptide and when the chain folds into its 3-D shape it is a protein. Protein synthesis requires, transcription and translation. 1. Transcription :: the information on DNA is copied onto a length of m ...
2nd problem set
... 1. Imagine you are sequencing the DNA molecule shown above. Assume the primer 5’ GATGCCT 3’ is used to initiate DNA synthesis. You have a tube containing template, primer, millions of ACGT nucleotides and millions of dideoxyC nucleotides. (p. 387-393 of your textbook has a good review if you are hav ...
... 1. Imagine you are sequencing the DNA molecule shown above. Assume the primer 5’ GATGCCT 3’ is used to initiate DNA synthesis. You have a tube containing template, primer, millions of ACGT nucleotides and millions of dideoxyC nucleotides. (p. 387-393 of your textbook has a good review if you are hav ...
Nucleic acid analogue
Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.