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Epigenetic Clock and Biological Age Steve Horvath, Professor of
Epigenetic Clock and Biological Age Steve Horvath, Professor of

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Protein Synthesis

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... determine that the structure of DNA is in a ...
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...  In diabetes, the body is unable to control levels of sugar in the blood because of lack of insulin  Diabetes can be cured if the body is supplied with insulin  The gene encoding insulin has ...
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... The following is a list of Safety Data Sheet (SDS) that apply to this product to help you use it safely. Monarch® DNA Wash Buffer ...
Prebiotics – the Origins of Life
Prebiotics – the Origins of Life

... Chemists and biologists have for long time explored the possibility that life evolved from previously existing but non-living chemical systems (or prebiotic systems). The Atmosphere of the Primordial Earth When the Earth was newly formed it was very hot and molten and shrouded by a primary atmospher ...
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... 22. Describe the relationship between light intensity and photosynthetic rate in a C3 plant. (Include a definition of the light-saturation point). At low light intensities, light intensity limits the photosynthetic rate. The amount of NADPH and ATP produced depends on availability of light. As light ...
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... from it to do the same job. However, more closely related animals do tend to have a more similar DNA sequence for the same gene. (You can see that there are very few differences between the chimp and the human DNA sequence.) DNA is a double-stranded chemical made up of pairs of building blocks calle ...
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DNA and Genes - Mr. Boettcher`s Class
DNA and Genes - Mr. Boettcher`s Class

... • Then Oswald Avery Set everyone straight • He conducted experiments based off of Griffith’s, but destroyed a different component each time • Through a process of elimination he was able to determine that DNA was indeed the carrier of genetic material ...
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...  Add 900 µl of Solution 1 to 0.5 - 0.6 ml of blood in a 1.5 ml reaction tube and shake briefly. Centrifuge for 1 minute at 8000 rpm.  Discard the supernatant and wash the sediment with 1 ml of Solution 1. Centrifuge for 1 minute at 8000 rpm.  Discard the supernatant and  resuspend the leucocyte ...
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... all) genes are contained on one chromosome. Other nonstandard arrangements are overlapping and interleaved genes. • An RNA gene is the region on the chromosome that codes for one ncRNA. • A gene that is expressed is being actively used for the construction of protein. Some genes are expressed only u ...
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... 2. The amount of energy it takes to get a chemical reaction going is known as a. starting energy b. ATP c. activation energy d. denaturation 3. When a protein’s three-dimensional structure has been altered to the extent that it no longer functions, it has been a. denatured b. killed c. anabolized d. ...
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... amino acid. The specific amino acid is attached enzymatically to 3' end of tRNA. 2- recognize the specified codon on mRNA to ensure the insertion of the correct amino acid in the growing polypeptide chain. This function is due to anticodon triplet which binds to codon on mRNA by base pairing. NB: Th ...
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... • RNA is made by enzymes that read the protein coding information in DNA. • RNA nucleotides pair with DNA nucleotides. – RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine so adenine in DNA pairs with Uracil in RNA. ...
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... • RNA is made by enzymes that read the protein coding information in DNA. • RNA nucleotides pair with DNA nucleotides. • RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine so adenine in DNA pairs with Uracil in RNA. ...
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... (SPIRAL)  THE 2 STRANDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARY BASES  COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING = A-T AND G-C ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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