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A primer on the structure and function of genes
A primer on the structure and function of genes

... The deterministic view of the gene was not only popular, but productive; without it we could not have identified the genetic basis of many diseases. In fact, one of the motivating factors behind the huge effort and expense of the human genome project (HGP) was based on this view of the gene. It was ...
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Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria DNA can

... this, commonly we use E.coli as host organism. The strain of E.coli has been cultured in the laboratory and it has been selected for characteristics that make it especially useful in the molecular biology laboratory. Plasmid is the other important element in the transformation system. Plasmid encode ...
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chapter 5 the structure and function of macromolecules
chapter 5 the structure and function of macromolecules

... ° A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. ° The repeated units are small molecules called monomers. ° Some of the molecules that serve as monomers have other functions of their own. ...
BL414 Genetics Spring 2006  page Test 2
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central dogma of molecular biology - Rose

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... In these structures, the top circle represents the amino acid backbone (H2N—CH—COOH), with the R group depicted. In the case of proline, which is and alpha imino acid, rather than an amino acid, the circle represents the —CH—COOH group, the imino nitrogen being depicted as an element in the proline ...
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Name: Ch 6 Take Home Quiz Due: 3/22/13 Multiple
Name: Ch 6 Take Home Quiz Due: 3/22/13 Multiple

... A) a peptide. B) a gene. C) a ribosome. D) an RNA. 8) Which of the following statements is NOT true of non-essential amino acids? A) They are synthesized by the body. B) They are not necessary for protein synthesis. C) There are 11 amino acids that belong to this group. D) They can be broken down to ...
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Lecture 10 Types of mutations Substitutions that occur in protein

... • An enzyme that removes Uracil from DNA • Resulting abasic site is filled in by polymerase • Uracil in DNA comes mainly from deamination of cytosine • That may be why DNA uses thymine instead of uracil • If the uracil isn’t removed, it will pair with A, causing C/G --> T/A transition. ...
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DNA Technology Power Point

... 3.Cutting clone vector cut plasmid with same restriction enzyme 4.Ligation: donor gene is spliced into plasmid DNA, DNA ligase glues it (this forms recombinant DNA = plasmid DNA + new piece of DNA) 5.Plasmid returned to bacterium & reproduces using donor gene in it (this is transgenic organism = or ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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